WxiUA J>tatf£ (JxntfimiaJ fltommteimu 



International Exhibition, 

1876. 



REPORTS 



OF THE 



PRESIDEiNT, SECRETARY, 



AND 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 



TOGETHER WITH THE JOURNAL OF THE 



FINAL SESSION OF THE COMMISSION 






PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 

1879. 

7- 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by the 

CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 






MESSAGE 

OF THE 

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

SUBMITTING THE FINAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES 
CENTENNIAL COMMISSION TO CONGRESS. 



To the Senate and House of Representatives : 

I have received from the United States Centennial Commission 
their final report, presenting a full exhibit of the result of the United 
States Centennial Celebration and Exhibition of 1876, as required by 
the Act of June 1, 1873. In transmitting this report for the consider- 
ation of Congress, I express, I believe, the general judgment of the 
country, as well as my own, in assigning to this Exhibition a measure 
of success gratifying the pride and patriotism of our people, and full 
of promise to the great industrial and commercial interests of the 
country. The very ample and generous contributions which the 
foreign nations made to the splendor and usefulness of the Exhibition, 
and the cordiality with which their representatives took part in our 
national commemoration, deserve our profound acknowledgments. 
At this close of the great services rendered by the United States 
Centennial Commission and the Centennial Board of Finance, it gives 
me great pleasure to commend to your attention, and that of the 
people of the whole country, the laborious, faithful, and prosperous 
performance of their duties which have marked the administration of 
their respective trusts. 

R. B. HAYES. 

Washington, March 3, 1879. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Report of the President 9 

Report of the Secretary . . .107 

Report of the Executive Committee 139 

Journal of the Final Session . 147 



FINAL REPORT 



TO THE 



PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 



JHuUtttatttntal IfUfnMiUin 

— 1876— 

UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

To the President of the United States: 

Sir, — The members of the United States Centennial Commission, 
appointed under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1871, and instructed 
thereby, and by the Act of June 1, 1872, to conduct an " International 
Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine" 
in the year 1876, in commemoration of the One Hundredth Anniver- 
sary of American Independence, have the honor to submit to you, in 
the accompanying volumes, their final report of the history and 
results of the Exhibition and Celebration, in accordance with the 
requirements of the aforesaid Acts. 

RICHARD M. NELSON, JAMES L. COOPER, Alabama. 
RICHARD C. McCORMICK, JOHN WASSON, Arizona. 
GEO. W. LAWRENCE, GEO. E. DODGE, Arkansas. 
J. DUNBAR CREIGH, California. 
N. C. MEEKER, Colorado. 

JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, WM. P. BLAKE, Connecticut. 
JOHN A. BURBANK, SOLOMON L. SPINK, Dakota. 
JOHN K. KANE, JOHN H. RODNEY, Delaware. 

JAMES E. DEXTER, LAWRENCE A. GOBRIGHT, District of Columbia. 

5 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

T. H. OSBORN, J. T. BERNARD, Florida. 

GEO. HILLYER, RICHARD PETERS, Jr., Georgia. 

THOMAS DONALDSON, CHRISTOPHER W. MOORE, Idaho. 

FREDERICK L. MATTHEWS, LAWRENCE WELDON, Illinois. 

JOHN L. CAMPBELL, FRANKLIN C. JOHNSON, Indiana. 

ROBERT LOWRY, COKER F. CLARKSON, Iowa. 

JOHN A. MARTIN, GEO. A. CRAWFORD, Kansas. 

ROBERT MALLORY, SMITH M. HOBBS, Kentucky. 

JOHN LYNCH, EDWARD PENINGTON, Louisiana. 

JOSHUA NYE, CHAS. H. HASKELL, Maine. 

JOHN H. B. LATROBE, SAMUEL M. SHOEMAKER, Maryland. 

GEO. B. LORING, WM. B. SPOONER, Massachusetts. 

V. P. COLLIER, CLAUDIUS B. GRANT, Michigan. 

J. FLETCHER WILLIAMS, W. W. FOLWELL, Minnesota. 

O. C. FRENCH, M. EDWARDS, Mississippi. 

JOHN McNEIL, SAMUEL HAYS, Missouri. 

JOSEPH P. WOOLMAN, PATRICK A. LARGEY, Montana. 

HENRY S. MOODY, R. W. FURNAS,, Nebraska. 

W. W. McCOY, JAMES W. HAINES, Nevada. 

EZEKIEL A. STRAW, M. V. B. EDGERLY, Nezv Hampshire. 

ORESTES CLEVELAND, JOHN G. STEVENS, New Jersey. 

ELDRIDGE W. LITTLE, STEPHEN B. ELKINS, New Mexico. 

N. M. BECKWITH, C. P. KIMBALL, New York. 

SAMUEL F. PHILLIPS, JONATHAN W. ALBERTSON, North Carolina. 

ALFRED T. GOSHORN, WILSON W. GRIFFITH, Ohio. 

JAMES W. VIRTUE, ANDREW J. DUFUR, Oregon. 

DANIEL J. MORRELL, ASA PACKER, Pennsylvania. 

GEORGE H. CORLISS, ROYAL C. TAFT, Rhode Island. 

WILLIAM GURNEY, ARCHIBALD CAMERON, South Carolina. 

THOMAS H. COLDWELL, WILLIAM F. PROSSER, Tennessee. 

WILLIAM H. PARSONS, JOHN C. CHEW, Texas. 

WILLIAM HAYDON, C. R. GILCHRIST, Utah. 

MIDDLETON GOLDSMITH, HENRY CHASE, Vermont. 

F. W. M. HOLLIDAY, M. P. HANDY, Virginia. 

ELWOOD EVANS, ALEXANDER S. ABERNETHY, Washington Territory. 

ALEXANDER R. BOTELER, ANDREW J. SWEENEY, West Virginia. 

DAVID AT WOOD, EDWARD D. HOLTON, Wisconsin. 

JOSEPH M. CAREY, ROBERT H. LAMBORN, Wyoming. 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 






I 



REPORT 



OF THE 



PRESIDENT OF THE COMMISSION 



At the final meeting of the Commission, held at Philadelphia, 
January 15, 1879, the President, General Joseph R. Hawley, made 
the following 

REPORT. 

Gentlemen of the United States Centennial Commission : 

After consultation with the Director-General, the Chairman of the Report of the 
Executive Committee, and the active managers of the Board of Fi- PreSident - 
lance, I issued notices, on the 22d of November, 1878, of this meet- 
ng of the Commission to be held at the Continental Hotel, Philadel- 
phia, at 12 M., January 15, 1879, with a view to substantially closing 
Dur labors. There will be to-day submitted to you, in eleven volumes, 
:he final reports of the Secretary of the Commission, the President's 
iccount of the chief ceremonies, the reports of the Executive Com- 
nittee, of the Director-General and his subordinate Chiefs of Bureaus, 
>f the Chief of the Bureau of Awards, the full reports of the Judges, 
a condensed statement of the accounts of the Board of Finance ; in 
short, the full records of the International Exhibition of 1876. 

I heartily congratulate you, gentlemen, upon the brilliant success 
of the great enterprise in which we have had the honor of participat- 
ing. The precise measure of that success, in comparison with preced- 
ing or subsequent International Exhibitions, we must leave to others 
to estimate, but none know so well as we that the difficulties and em- 
barrassments of the work were peculiar and unprecedented. In re- 
porting to the President of the United States, in accordance with the 
Act of June 1, 1872, " a full exhibit of the results" of the Celebration 
and Exhibition, a brief review of the circumstances, favorable and 
unfavorable, is essential to a fair judgment of such results as either 
surpassed or fell short of reasonable expectations. 

2 9 



IO 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1876. 



Report of the It is now generally conceded that it was fitting that " the comple- 
• tion of the first century of our national existence should be com- 
memorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country, 
their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit 
mankind, in comparison with those of older nations /" also that " the 
Exhibition should be a national celebration, in which the people of 
the whole country should participate," and that " it should have the 
sanction of the Congress of the United States." But, although these 
expressions found a place in the Act of March 3, 1871, which created 
the United States Centennial Commission and provided for " cele- 
brating the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence 
by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and 
Products of the Soil and Mine" in Philadelphia, in 1876, the propriety 
of holding an Exhibition at all as a means of celebrating the Cen- 
tennial, and especially of inviting other nations to an International 
Exhibition, were vigorously disputed afterwards, even after fourteen 
or fifteen nations had cordially signified their purpose to partici- 
pate. 

The first embarrassment encountered was the imperfect character 
of the Act constituting the Commission. No appropriation was 
made by Congress for the financial needs of the enterprise, and 
the Act indicated no source of supply. The creation of an asso- 
ciate corporation adapted to the collection, care, and disbursement 
of moneys became the very first object of the Commission upon its 
organization, as I indicated in my remarks accepting the presidency, 
in March, 1872. The Act incorporating the ''Centennial Board of 
Finance" was drawn by the Executive Committee of the Commission 
immediately thereafter. It passed Congress, and received the approval 
of the President June 1, 1872. It was broadly national in its character, 
naming two corporators from each Congressional district throughout 
the nation, and four for each State and Territory at large. The pre- 
liminary organization was confided to the Commission. The Board 
had authority to secure subscriptions of capital stock to an amount 
not exceeding ten millions, to be divided into shares not exceeding 
ten dollars each.. Books of subscription were opened by the Com- 
mission, and an opportunity given for one hundred days to the inhab- 
itants of each State and Territory to subscribe for stock, at the end of 
which time the Commission was directed to call a meeting of the cor- 
porators and subscribers to elect a board of twenty-five directors, to 
be chosen then and annually thereafter from a list of one hundred 
stockholders selected by the Commission. The Board thus organized 
was authorized to take charge of all the financial labors of the under- 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT n 

taking, to prepare the grounds, and erect the buildings in accordance Report of the 
with the plans of the Commission ; its rules governing rates for en- President - 
trance and admission, or otherwise affecting the rights of the exhibitors 
or the public, were to be established by the Commission ; no grants 
conferring rights and privileges relating to the Exhibition or Celebra- 
tion were to be made without the consent of the Commission, which 
had power to control or revoke such grants, and to appoint all Judges 
and Examiners and award all premiums. It was the duty of the Com- 
mission to supervise the closing of the affairs of the Board, to audit 
its accounts, and submit a report of the financial results. 

The directors chosen at the organization of the Board of Finance, 
April 23, 1873, with no change among the officers, and few among 
the others, continued in office to the end. The singular combination 
of two distinct corporations, one legislating for and supervising the 
other, each having important executive duties, the lines separating 
their duties 'being indistinct in some matters, was an accident. No 
man would have invented the arrangement. It afforded opportunity 
for difference and debate, and was in a degree cumbrous. But the 
patriotic devotion of all concerned obviated the difficulties, and it is 
now a fair question whether the division of labor, the checks and 
balances of the two organizations, did not largely conduce to the satis- 
factory operation and conclusion upon which we felicitate ourselves. 

The most serious obstacles the Commission encountered were out- 
side of the plain and natural labors belonging to the enterprise itself. 
Having been overcome, they serve to show the capacity of the 
American people for voluntary organization, their self-discipline and 
their energy. Every other International Exhibition has been created 
or directly adopted by a government, supplied chiefly from that govern- 
ment's treasury, and conducted by its appointees. The United States 
government created the Centennial Commission for a great labor and 
steadily declined to grant it any funds whatever, save what it cost to 
engrave the certificates of stock and strike the medals. Nor did the 
Act creating the Commission grant authority or provide means for 
raising funds. Moreover, after the first proclamation of the President 
of the United States announcing an Exhibition, and after the procla- 
mation had been communicated to the diplomatic representatives of 
all nations, and been accepted as an invitation by twelve or fourteen 
foreign powers, the Secretary of State felt it his duty, regarding the 
language of the laws, to address a circular letter to the diplomatic 
and consular representatives of this country, in which he said : 

" It will be observed that the President, in his proclamation, has 
extended no invitation to foreign powers to participate in the Exhibi- 



12 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Report of the tion. He was not authorized so to do, and while he desired to attract 
as much attention and interest as possible thereto, he carefully con- 
fines himself to 'commending' the celebration of the Centennial an- 
niversary of American independence, and the Exhibition which is to 
be held in connection therewith, to all nations who may be pleased to 
take part therein. It is presumed that you will not have failed to ob- 
serve the guarded language of the President's proclamation, and the 
difference between it and that which would be used in extending an 
invitation to other powers." 

In the summer and autumn of 1873 arrangements had been made 
for an extensive canvass of the country for the necessary funds, but 
in the autumn a great and prolonged financial depression began and 
rapidly spread over the whole country. Rumors reached us of the 
private circular above quoted, and it was said that in consequence some 
foreign governments delayed action. Popular subscriptions were sus- 
pended. It became an unavoidable necessity to report our condi- 
tion and show Congress that an appropriation was needed to carry on 
the work. A bill giving three millions was warmly discussed in the 
spring of 1874, and it barely failed. But a bill passed by large ma- 
jorities requesting the President " to extend in the name of the United 
States a respectful and cordial invitation to the governments of other 
nations to be represented in and take part in the International Exhi- 
bition," etc. Thenceforward the co-operation of foreign governments 
was cordial and prompt. And during the first session of the Forty- 
fourth Congress a bill passed, approved by the President on the 16th 
of February, 1876, appropriating to the uses of the Exhibition a mil- 
lion and a half of dollars upon terms that, after the close of the Ex-v 
hibition, were decided by the Supreme Court to make it a loan. It 
was fully repaid. As originally drawn the bill contemplated placing 
the government upon an equality with the shareholders of the Board 
of Finance. As it was amended and passed, it left the burdens to be 
borne by the private shareholders, and the States and municipalities 
that so generously contributed. But the loan was of vital importance 
to the enterprise, not more financially than by the sanction and en- 
couragement it imparted. 

In another manner the national government co-operated most effect- 
ively. Congress appropriated a total of $649,250 toward certificates 
of stock, custom-house expenses, and a collective exhibition from the 
Executive Departments to " illustrate," in the language of President 
Grant, January 23, 1874, "the functions and administrative faculties 
of the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, 
and thereby serve to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. ^ 

their adaptation to the wants of our people." The following govern- Report of the 
ment board was appointed, and announced March 25, 1874 : 

Treasury Department. — Hon. F. A. Sawyer, succeeded by Robert 
W. Tayler, Esq. 

War Department. — Col. S. C. Lyford, U.S.A. 

Navy Department. — Admiral T. A. Jenkins, U.S.N. 

Department of the Interior. — Prof. John Eaton. 

Post-Office Department.— -Dr. Chas. F. McDonald. 

Department of Agriculture . — Wm. Saunders, Esq. 

Smithsonian Institution. — Prof. S. F. Baird. 

Col. S. C. Lyford served as the chairman. 

The energy, intelligence, and fidelity of this Board, and the value 
and attractiveness of the government exhibits, form a prominent and 
honorable chapter in the history of the Exhibition. 

The expenditures of the government are given me officially as 
follows : 

Amount expended on account of 

Treasury Department % . . $15,500.00 

War " 118,292.22 

Navy " 63,038.24 

Interior " .......... 102,405.25 

Po.st-Orfice " 4,376.01 

Agricultural " 38,014.03 

Smithsonian Institution ........ 71,933.21 

Fish Commission ......... 9,856.90 

Contingent expenses . . . . . . . . . 41,855.02 

Building fund 111,400.00 

Engraving and printing Certificates of Stock of the Board of Finance 22,433 ^^ 

Expenses of admission of foreign goods ..... 39,902.12 

Total net expenditures . $639,006.33 

Which amount is reduced by proceeds of property returned to 

the Treasury .......... 2,856.24 

The aggregate appropi-iations by the government were . . . 649,250.00 

Leaving a balance of ........ 10,243.67 

Something was received at the post-office established on the 
grounds, and a considerable sum in payment of duties upon foreign 
articles brought to the Exhibition and afterwards sold for consumption 
in this country, but " no separate account of such duties was kept by 
the Treasury Department." 

The determination to hold an international instead of a purely 
national exhibition was abundantly vindicated by the results. A 
presentation of American industries that should exclude articles of 
foreign growth or manufacture would be a practical impossibility. 



14 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Report of the An invitation to other nations to participate was required by courtesy, 
as the United States had formally attended several of the world's fairs 
held elsewhere, and had received awards beyond its proportion of 
exhibits. Comparison with the work of others is essential to progress. 
It is needed to show the effects on industries and arts produced by cli- 
mate, race, geographical position, and social and political institutions. 
An International Exhibition invariably tells each nation, especially 
that one acting as host, something of its deficiencies and errors, im- 
proves existing manufactures, introduces new ones, influences agri- 
culture, opens new markets, gives new inventions a world-wide 
advertisement, cultivates taste, not alone in paintings and sculpture, 
but in textile fabrics, household furniture, and decoration, and even 
in the making of useful implements and machinery, affords millions 
of people to whom travel is a forbidden luxury an opportunity to see 
the best the world does in all things, and, best of all, teaches nations 
mutual respect, shows them their interdependence, breaks down 
prejudice, strengthens good will, gives war an additional shade of 
horror, and discloses more of the loveliness of peace. All this the 
Exhibition of 1876 has done. 

The improvement in taste during the two years since it closed 
has been clear and considerable. It is made known in all the direc- 
tions I have indicated. There is a strong demand for more skill 
and elegance in the forms of decorations of pottery and porcelains 
and furniture, a better judgment in the fine arts and in architecture. 
This is recognized by the manufacturers, and the supply is answering 
the demand. The study of the arts of design has received a great 
impetus. 

The American people were greatly instructed in a knowledge of 
the progress and condition of the arts and manufactures of their own 
country, and the extent and value of its agricultural and mining re- 
sources. They assuredly under-estimated the former. Notwithstand- 
ing the triumphs gained in previous Exhibitions, the majority of our 
people were not prepared for the high praise bestowed upon the 
ingenuity and effectiveness of American machinery and implements, 
and the variety and excellence of American manufactures, by foreign 
judges. And these opinions have been justified by the subsequent 
increase in the quantity and variety of our exports. 

The extraordinary inventive activity of Americans is credited to 
the necessities of our situation, regarding both its new wants and its 
distance from the Old World, which stimulated new devices and home 
, construction to save transportation, to the general prevalence of edu- 
cation, and to our patent laws. 



, REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT l * 

Said a correspondent of the London Times: " The American in- Report of the 
vents as the Greek sculptured and the Italian painted : it is genius." President - 

The departments of machinery and agriculture were never so dis- 
tinctly and conspicuously presented and' honored in any previous 
Exhibition. In the invention and manufacture of machinery and 
machine tools the high rank attained by Americans is universally 
admitted. This acknowledged excellence, and our high tariffs, both 
forbidding the hope of an extensive market here, combined to diminish 
the extent of the foreign exhibit ; yet there was a great deal from 
abroad that was instructive and valuable. 

The intense pursuit of new ideas and processes in machinery, the 
general (I wish I could say universal) education of our people, the less 
powerful influence among us of trades-unions, and the readiness of 
our industrial classes to accept new machinery and adapt themselves 
to new requirements, have had a most gratifying effect in enabling us 
unexpectedly to enter the field of international competition, even in 
making articles of small size, easy transportation, and comparatively 
large cost. When we find American watches, cutlery, and jewelry 
taking the place of foreign manufactures here, and crossing the ocean 
to compete in foreign markets, we may well be encouraged to believe 
that no branch of art and industry whatever can be permanently 
closed against us. 

As our foreign trade revives it is exceedingly gratifying to observe 
the high standard so much American work maintains. The number 
is growing yearly of firms and corporations whose names and trade- 
marks are of themselves a valuable property, because they are ac- 
cepted not alone as marking useful ideas, but as a sure guarantee of 
uniformly honest work. It is largely due to the persistency of such 
that trade-mark treaties for their protection have been made with Eng- 
land, Germany, France, Austria, Russia, and Belgium. These facts 
are weighty with good promise for the future. 

Taken as a whole, the presentation of the mining resources of the 
country was well made. Marvelous as it was, it was less a surprise 
than the progress made in manufacturing. 

The ten acres of the Agricultural Building and its annexes con- 
tained much more of the productions of foreign nations than might 
have been expected, when one considers the burden of transpor- 
tation. It was an early hope of the Commission that there would 
be many State exhibits in this department, particularly from the 
States in the West and South, which are inviting immigration. The 
hope was but partially gratified; yet individual enterprise and the 
public spirit of various societies and corporations, supplementing the 



l6 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Report of the systematic work of the National Agricultural Bureau and the remark- 
able typical display made by Kansas, sufficed to give a grand but still 
imperfect idea of the resources of the country. The statistics of our 
enormous exports of animal and vegetable food are familiar to the 
public. In that regard, the necessities of the world and the illimit- 
able extent of our fertile lands place us beyond the reach of injurious 
competition. A single illustration of our agricultural resources may 
be interesting. Less than two per cent, of the area of the cotton States 
is used in producing cotton, yet we produce three-fourths of all that 
is manufactured in Europe and the United States. Four per cent, of 
the area of Texas alone would be capable of producing it all. 

In the early stages of the work most doubt, perhaps, was ex- 
pressed concerning the probability of a successful Art Department. 
We were at an obvious disadvantage in this, in comparison with any 
European capital in which an Exhibition had been held. The distance 
and danger of transportation considered, the contributions from abroad 
were unexpectedly valuable. A few prominent American artists were 
conspicuously unrepresented. But Memorial Hall and its annexes 
contained by far the largest and most valuable collection ever assem- 
bled in this country, and proved a source of instruction and great 
delight to millions who are debarred the pleasure of a journey to 
European homes of art. 

The obvious facts of the experience of the American people in 
conducting large enterprises — the building and managing great rail- 
roads and manufactories, in transporting immense quantities of ma- 
terial over long distances, in moving, feeding, and clothing great 
bodies of men — should have barred out one of the objections to the 
Exhibition made in its early days, viz., that they were not accustomed 
to such affairs, and would probably fail to conduct it properly. It 
was only necessary to classify and subdivide the work, and appoint 
competent chiefs of the subdivisions. 

While our means forbade attempts at mere display in architecture, 
the prime rule of the art, the full accommodation of the service 
desired, was thoroughly obeyed, and so much of grace in form and 
decoration was superadded as the funds and the temporary character 
of the buildings justified. Fortunately, Pennsylvania and Phila- 
delphia felt justified in placing upon Fairmount Park two noble 
permanent buildings, the Memorial and Horticultural Flails. These 
and the numerous minor edifices erected by various States, nations, 
individuals, and corporations, upon the magnificent site in Fair- 
mount Park, upon which Philadelphia expended large sums in prep- 
aration, combined to form a general view of surpassing beauty 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT Y n 

and attractiveness. All the buildings for which the Commission and Report of ine 
Board of Finance were responsible were ready in time, and the grand PreMdenl 
Corliss engine began its labors precisely upon the contracted time, 
one month before the opening. 

In the largeness of the inclosure, the beauty of the scene, the con- 
veniences provided, and the punctuality with which the preparations 
were completed, no previous Exhibition equaled this. Quite as satis- 
factory were the liberal and thorough arrangements made by the 
chief railways running near, whose officers made heavy expenditures 
upon new tracks and rolling-stock, so that materials, goods, and pas- 
sengers were delivered and received with marvelous ease and exact- 
ness, and without an accident. During the Exhibition, and since, we 
have never been left in doubt as to the satisfaction with which the 
management was viewed and enjoyed by our foreign visitors. 

A frequent topic of gratifying comment was the behavior of the 
people at large. An average of about 62,333 a day entered the gates 
during the six months. There was never an instance of riotous or 
tumultuous conduct, or even, it may be said, of noisy or angry talk, 
and the few arrests for petty offenses are unmentionable when their 
proportion to the ten millions of entrances is considered. Good 
order, patience, courtesy, and good humor were the characteristics 
of the multitude on the most crowded days. 

I have caused to be compiled an account of the chief ceremonies 
connected with the Exhibition, — on the opening day, May 10; on 
the assembling of the Judges, May 24; the Fourth of July; on the 
presentation of the Awards, September 27; and the closing day, Nov- 
ember 10, — the general supervision of which was largely placed within 
my own more immediate sphere of duty. These were the principal 
official and formal assemblages ; there were numerous other occasions 
of great interest. There were many " State days," so called, upon each 
of which citizens of a State assembled and listened to an address, 
usually historical; and in many cases the Governor of the State at- 
tended with more or less of ceremony. The interchange of social cour- 
tesies between the Commissioners of various countries, and between 
them and our own Commissioners, was frequent. 

It was made an objection (though not until the enterprise had well 
progressed) that the celebration of the Centennial Anniversary was not 
altogether a suitable occasion for inviting to a joint Exhibition and Cel- 
ebration the representatives of widely different forms of government. 
It is a great pleasure to record that the acceptances were couched in 
the most cordial terms; the intercourse with foreign Commissioners 
was entirely the most agreeable imaginable ; and the sympathy with 



1 8 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Report of the our national pride in celebrating a century of growth in this com- 
paratively young member of the family of nations was unreserved 
and most neighborly. 

The representatives of Great Britain were foremost in fulfilling the 
wish of George III. in announcing the independence of the colonies, 
that " religion, language, interests, and affections may, and I hope 
will, yet prove a bond of permanent union between the two coun- 
tries." On the evening of May 11, the day after the opening, Sir 
Edward Thornton, the honored Minister of Great Britain, gave a 
costly and formal dinner in honor of the occasion. During the whole 
six months St. George's Hall (the charming house of the British 
Commission, within the grounds, afterwards presented to Philadel- 
phia) was the home of cultivated social intercourse and generous 
hospitality. At the celebration of the Fourth of July, Sir Edward 
Thornton, Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, and Col. H. B. Sandford, 
Chief of the British Commission (knighted by her Majesty for his 
services), were welcome guests and received very enthusiastic greet- 
ings from the multitude. 

His Majesty Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, made a prolonged 
and thorough examination of the Exhibition, was always greeted 
with high respect and the utmost good will, attended the opening 
ceremonies and the Fourth of July celebration, and to the latter con- 
tributed a " Greeting from Brazil," a hymn composed for the occasion 
by A. Carlos Gomes, of Brazil, at the request of his Majesty. 

Lord Dufferin, Governor-General of the dominion of Canada, was 
a welcome visitor in the autumn. 

A number of foreign vessels of war came up the Delaware during 
the summer, and courtesies and hospitalities were exchanged. The 
Secretary of the Navy ordered the "Hartford," the "Alarm," the 
beautiful yacht "Despatch," and other vessels to Philadelphia during 
the summer. Those vessels were visited by very large numbers, and 
the officers manifested the characteristic courtesy and hospitality of 
their profession, especially in their attentions to strangers. 

At the presentation of the Awards, on the 27th of September, at 
the banquet given by the Commission and the Board of Finance to 
the Diplomatic Corps and the Foreign Commissioners, President Grant 
and the Cabinet attending, November 9, — the evening before the Ex- 
hibition closed, — and at the closing ceremonies, November 10, every 
opportunity was seized by our countrymen to manifest, by the most 
cordial greeting and enthusiastic applause, good will to other nations ; 
and the manifestations were appreciated, acknowledged, and returned. 

The public spirit and enthusiastic co-operation of Philadelphia 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. Y g 

appear at every stage of our history. The pecuniary outlay of its Report of the 
people is by no means embraced by a statement of the expenditures rres,dent - 
of the city and the subscriptions of private citizens to the stock of the 
Board of Finance. Many other investments, made for the benefit of 
the Exhibition, were not returned in visible dividends. The lavish 
hospitality displayed had an equally noble motive, and supplied the 
lack of heavy governmental grants for such purposes made in other 
nations. But, in a larger sense, Philadelphia is repaid. The reflex 
influence of her good deeds remains, and she has permanently added 
to her rich store of patriotic traditions. 

The accounts of the Centennial Board of Finance have been duly 
audited, in accordance with the law, by the Commission's Committee 
on Finance, whose report and the balance-sheet of the Board of 
Finance, to be presented to this meeting of the Commission, will be 
found in the journal of the final session of the Commission, at the 
close of this volume. The accounts of the Board are not absolutely 
closed, owing to one or two unadjusted claims of minor importance 
and to the printing of these volumes. The shareholders have re- 
ceived seventeen and one-half per cent, and will probably receive 
about seven per cent. more. It is deemed best no longer to delay our 
final reports to the President of the United States on that account. 

The President of the United States conferred a great favor by 
ordering the detail of two army and two navy officers to assist me 
during the Exhibition in the ceremonies and receptions constantly 
occurring, in paying proper attention to the military and naval officers 
from abroad, and in attending to the numerous visits of the national 
guard of several States, and various volunteer military organizations. 
I gratefully acknowledge their most agreeable association and service. 
They were — 

Lieutenant-Colonel Luther P. Bradley, 9th Infantry, Brigadier- 
General of Volunteers. 

Major Lewis Merrill, 7th Cavalry, Brevet Brigadier-General of 
Volunteers. 

Commodore Edward Calhoun, U.S.N. 

Commander George D. Ryan, U.S.N. 

Lieutenant H. G. O. Colby, U.S.N. 

The capable and faithful employees in my office were, — 

Captain E. Lewis Moore, private Secretary. 

John Hayes, Stenographer. 

William P. Jones, Clerk. 

William J. Devine, Clerk. 

William F. Clark, Clerk and Messenger. 

Stephen Cox, Messenger. 



2o INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Report of the At the organization of the Commission, in March, 1872, I joined 
you in electing to the office of President of the Commission the 
Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, one of the earliest pro- 
moters of the work, and since then the able and effective Chairman of 
our Executive Committee. He declined the place, and you did me 
the honor to elect me in his stead, and have kept me at this post six 
years and ten months, — until the close. Except the Executive Com- 
mittee, which has for a part of the time been elective, I have appointed 
all your committees, have served as ex officio a member of your Ex- 
ecutive Committee, and have devoted nearly two years exclusively to 
the cause. 

My gratitude for your uniform kindness it is beyond my power to 
express. A view of the magnitude of the work impresses me with a 
sense of the smallness of my individual share therein, but it shall be 
one of the great satisfactions of our lives to remember that we have 
been associated nearly seven years in preparing and conducting a 
successful International Exhibition, held in honor of the Centennial 
of our country's independence, which has done something to 
strengthen fraternity among our own countrymen, enlarge the arts 
and sciences, extend the knowledge thereof, encourage and honor 
labor, and promote peace and good will throughout the world. 

JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 

President. 



CEREMONIES OF THE EXHIBITION 



CEREMONIES OF THE EXHIBITION. 



The management of the Exhibition had to provide for certain cere- Exhibition 
monial exercises incident to its conduct, and also to facilitate many Ceremon,es - 
gatherings of state, municipal, national, industrial, social, and other 
organizations. The principal ceremonies officially connected with 
the Centennial Celebration were four in number, and are described 
in detail in the following pages, namely: 

Opening of the International Exhibition, May io, 1876. 
Centennial Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1876. 
Distribution of Awards to Foreign and American exhibitors, September 27, 1876. 
Closing Ceremonies, November 10, 1876. 

A number of the State governments arranged excursions to the 
Exhibition by the executive and legislative officers and citizens gen- 
erally, who held meetings in their respective State Buildings or in the 
Judges' Hall. These " State days," as they were termed, were as 
follows : 



August 24 — New Jersey. 
September 7 — Connecticut. 
September 14 — Massachusetts. 
September 21 — New York. 
September 28 — Pennsylvania. 



October 5 — Rhode Island. 
October 12 — New Hampshire. 
October 19 — Delaware and Maryland. 
October 26 — Ohio. 
October 27 — Vermont. 



The Governor of each State and Territory was requested to appoint 
an orator, who should deliver an address upon its history, progress, 
present condition, and resources. Such addresses were delivered 
during the period of the Exhibition in the Judges' Hall, as follows:* 



Mississippi — A. M. West. 

Dacotah — M. K. Armstrong. 

District of Columbia — Thomas Wilson. 

Ohio— E. D. Mansfield. 

Iowa — C. C. Nourse. 

Texas— R. B. Hubbard. 

Nebraska — Samuel Aughey. 

Oregon — PI. L. Gilfrey. 

Utah— C. W. Bennet. 

Idaho — Thomas Donaldson. 

Maryland — J. V. Findley. 

New Jersey — Abraham Browning. 

North Carolina — Prof. Kerr. 

Nevada — Gen. T. PL Williams. 



Vermont — Henry Clark. 
Missouri — Thomas Allen. 
Tennessee — J. C. Brown. 
West Virginia— W. K. Pendleton. 
Indiana — John L. Campbell. 
Illinois — C. H. Forster. 
Maine — Gen. Chamberlain. 
Washington Territory — Elwood Evans. 
Florida— T. W. Osborn. 
Colorado— J. M. Paul. 
Arizona — R. C. McCormick. 
Montana — W. A. Clark. 
Arkansas — David Walker. 



* On application for these addresses, so few of them were furnished in a form available 
for publication that it became necessary to omit them from this report. 

23 



Exhibition 
Ceremonies. 



24 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

The other principal assemblages held within the Exhibition grounds 
were : 

May 23 — Session of True Templars. 

May 24 — Meeting of Judges of Awards. 

May 30 — Decoration Day. 

May 30 — Opening of the Bankers' Building. 

June I — Parade of Knights Templar. 

June 7 — Convention in Brewers' Hall. 

June 12 — Women's International Temperance Convention. 

June 15 — Dedication of Ice-Water Fountain by the Sons of Temperance. 

June 27-July 10 — Encampment of the West Point Cadets. 

July I — Excursion of Soldiers' Orphans from Lincoln Home. 

July 4 — Dedication of the Catholic Total Abstinence Beneficial Society's Fountain. 
[For proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of the Declaration of Independence at 
Independence Hall, see pages 41-76.] 

July 6, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21 — Excursions given by the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- 
road to its employees. 

July 15 — Encampment of the Columbus (Ohio) Cadets. 

August 3, 9 — Arrival of Pennsylvania Troops for encampment at Camp Anthony Wavne. 

August 20— Excursion of Steinway & Sons' Employees. 

August 22 — National and International Rowing Matches began on Schuylkill River. 

August 23 — Parade of the Knights of Pythias. 

August 28 — Parade of Swiss Citizens. 

August 29 — Reception by the Mayor of Philadelphia in the Municipal Building. 

September 1 -October 18 — Live-Stock Exhibitions. 

September 2 — Encampment of Connecticut National Guard. 

September 4 — International Medical Congress. 

September 20 — Odd-Fellows' Day. 

September 23 — International Rifle-Teams (Scotch, Irish, Australian, and American) 
visited the Exhibition. 

September 28 — Fireworks ("Pennsylvania Day"). 

October 7 — Encampment of Cadets of Virginia Military Institute. 

October 12 — Dedication of Statue of Columbus. 

October 14 — Dedication of Statue of Dr. Witherspoon. 

October 19 — Tournament. 

October 26 — Merchants' Day. 

November 2 — Dedication of Statue to Bishop Allen (by colored citizens). 

November 7 — Reception by Women's Centennial Executive Committee. 

November 9 — International Pyrotechnic Contest. 

November 10 — Closing Ceremonies. 

Detailed accounts of the four principal ceremonies, which were 
under the immediate charge of the Centennial Commission, are here 
appended. 



THE OPENING CEREMONIES. 



25 



OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 

The ceremony of the opening of the Exhibition, on May io, 1876, Opening 
was conducted out-doors, within a space defined by the Main Exhi- 
bition Building and Memorial Hall, on the south and north, and minor 
buildings at the east and west, — an area of about 300 by 700 feet. 
The central entrances of the Main Building and Memorial Hall 
exactly faced one another, and before each was erected staging for 
the accommodation of the participants in the ceremonial. The 
southernmost stage, which rose like steps over the entrance of the 
Main Building, had a capacity for seating the chorus of 1000 voices 
and the orchestra of 150 pieces, which were supplemented, through 
the open windows at the back of the stage, by the mighty notes of 
the grand organ in the gallery of the Main Building, immediately 
behind the chorus. Facing this, some 300 feet distant, and arranged 
somewhat in the form of an amphitheatre, were seats that formed an 
extension of the raised terrace on which the Memorial Hall stands, 
where room was provided for the orators and officers of the day and 
for the invited guests. These were admitted, by tickets, to their 
designated sections upon the stage, as follows : 

The President of the United States and Cabinet. 

The Supreme Court of the United States. 

The Diplomatic Corps. 

The Senate of the United States. 

The House of Representatives. 

Governors of the States and their Staffs. 

Governor, State Officers, Supreme Court, and Legislature of Pennsylvania. 

United States Centennial Commission. 

Centennial Board of Finance. 

Women's Centennial Executive Committees. 

The Foreign Commissioners. 

The Boards and Bureaus of the Exhibition. 

The Board of Judges of Awards. 

Judges of United States Courts and Officers of United States Executive Bureaus. 

Mayor, City Councils, and City Departments of Philadelphia. 

Representatives of the Army and Navy, Smithsonian Institution, Naval Observatory. 

Mayors of Cities. 

State Centennial Boards. 

Women's Centennial Committees. 

Foreign Consuls. 

Representatives of the Press. 

Committees of Associations connected with the Exhibition. 

27 



2 8 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Opening The great number of persons included in this list of invited guests 

made it impossible to admit to the stage persons not holding official 
positions that required recognition, — to the exclusion even of some 
of the most generous contributors to the Exhibition enterprise. The 
concourse of spectators within sight of the ceremonies, though largely 
not within hearing distance, was estimated as above 110,000. 

At the head of the military parade which moved, early in the 
morning, from the city to the Exhibition grounds was the First 
Troop of Philadelphia City Cavalry, acting as the body-guard of the 
President of the United States.* This was succeeded by the two 
organizations which escorted Governor Rice, of Massachusetts, and 
his staff — the Boston Cadets and the Boston Lancers. Governor 
Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, with his staff, followed. Then came 
Major-General Bankson, commanding a large body of Pennsylvania 
troops. 

The order of exercises was as follows : 

National Airs, by the Orchestra, Theodore Thomas, Musical Director, beginning at 
10.15 A -M., as guests entered, viz. : 

The Washington March. 

Argentine Republic. — Marcha de la Republica. 

Austria. — Gott erhaltc Franz den Kaiser. 

Belgium. — La Brabancontie. 

Brazil. — Ilymno Brasileira Nacional. 

Denmark. — Volkslied — den tappre Landsoldat. 

France. — La Marseillaise. 

Germany — Was ist das Deutsche Vaterland f 

Great Britain. — God Save the Queen. 

Italy. — Marcia del Re. 

Netherlands. — Wie neerlandsch bloed. 

Norway. — National Hymn. 

Russia. — National Hymn. 

Spain. — Riego's Spanish National Hymn. 

Sweden. — Volksongen [Bevare Gud var Kung). 

Switzerland. — Heil dir, Helvetia. 

Turkey. — March . 

Hail Columbia. 

10.30. — Arrival of the President of the United States. 
Centennial Inauguration March, by Richard Wagner. 
Prayer, by Bishop Matthew Simpson. 



* The " City Troop," as it is familiarly termed by Philadelphians, served as the body- 
guard of General Washington during the Revolution, and earned the right to inscribe the 
names of " Trenton" and " Princeton" on its colors, and during the civil war that of 
"Gettysburg." Since Washington's day it has acted as the body-guard of Presidents 
visiting Philadelphia. 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 2 a 

Hymn, by John Greenleaf Whittier. Music by John K. Paine, of Massachusetts. Openin» 

Organ and Orchestral accompaniment. Ceremonies 

Presentation of the Buildings to the Commission by the President of the Centennial 

Board of Finance. 
Cantata, by Sidney Lanier, of Georgia. Music by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut. 

Basso Solo by Myron W. Whitney, of Boston. 
Presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States by the President of 

the Centennial Commission. 
Address by the President of the United States. 
Unfurling of the Flag, Hallelujah Chorus, Salutes of Artillery, and Ringing of the 

Chimes. 
Procession through the Main Building and Machinery Hall. 
Reception by the President of the United States in the Judges' Pavilion. 

In accordance with the arrangements for the day provided by the 
Centennial Commission, all the gates, except those at the east end of 
the Main Building, were opened to the public at 9 a.m., at the estab- 
lished rate of admission of fifty cents. The Main Building, Memorial 
Hall, and Machinery Hall were reserved for guests and exhibitors 
until the conclusion of the ceremonies, about 1 p.m., when all restric- 
tions were withdrawn. The President of the United States was 
escorted to the Exhibition by Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, 
with troops from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Invited guests 
entered the Main Building from the carriage concourse at the east 
end, or by the south-middle entrance on Elm Avenue. The doors 
were opened to them at 9 a.m. They passed to the platform in front 
of Memorial Hall through the north-middle doors of the Main Build- 
ing, and were requested to occupy their places before 10. 15 a.m. All 
the space in the vicinity of the platform, save what was needed for 
passage, was open to the public. Seats on the platform for the ladies 
invited were provided, and they were invited to join the procession. 
No flags or ensigns, except those permanently fixed in the buildings, 
were displayed on the morning of the 10th until the signal was given. 
The organs and other musical instruments and the bells awaited the 
same notice. When the President of the United States declared the 
Exhibition open, the flag on the staff near him was unfurled as a 
signal for the raising of all other flags and ensigns, the ringing of the 
chimes, the salute of one hundred guns on George's Hill, and the 
singing of the Hallelujah Chorus, of Handel, by the chorus, with 
organ and orchestral accompaniment. Immediately upon the an- 
nouncement, the Foreign Commissioners passed into the Main Build- 
ing and took places upon the general avenue opposite their respective 
sections. The President of the United States, conducted by the 
Director-General of the Exhibition, and followed by the guests of 
the day, passed through the Main Building. As the President passed 



30 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Opening the Foreign Commissioners they were severally presented to him 
and joined the procession, and the whole body moved to Machinery 
Hall. On his way the President was saluted by his military escort, 
formed in two lines between the buildings. In Machinery Hall, the 
President and His Majesty Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, assisted 
by George H. Corliss, set in motion the great engine and the ma- 
chinery connected therewith. No further formal order of procession 
was pursued. The President and guests were escorted by way of the 
north main aisle of Machinery Hall to the doors of the eastern tower 
and to the Judges' Pavilion, where the President of the United States 
held a brief reception. 

The prayer, hymn, cantata, and speeches provided for in the pro- 
gramme were as follows: 



PRAYER 

BY BISHOP MATTHEW SIMPSON, OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL 

CHURCH. 

Almighty and everlasting God, our Heavenly Father. Heaven is Thy 
throne and the earth is Thy footstool. Before Thy majesty and holiness the 
angels veil their faces, and the spirits of the just made perfect bow in 
humble adoration. Thou art the creator of all things, the preserver of 
all that exist, whether they be thrones or dominions or principalities or 
powers. The minute and the vast, atoms and worlds, alike attest the 
ubiquity of Thy presence and the omnipotence of Thy sway. 

Thou alone art the sovereign ruler of nations. Thou raisest up one and 
castest down another, and Thou givest the kingdoms of the world to whom- 
soever Thou wilt. The past with all its records is the unfolding of Thy 
counsels and the realization of Thy grand designs. We hail Thee as our 
rightful ruler, the King eternal, immortal, and invisible, the only true God, 
blessed for evermore. 

We come on this glad day, O Thou God of our fathers, into these courts 
with thanksgiving and into these gates with praise. We bless Thee for Thy 
wonderful goodness in the past, for the land which Thou gavest to our 
fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the ancient world, but revealed 
in the fullness of time to Thy chosen people, whom Thou didst lead by 
Thine own right hand through the billows of the deep, a land of vast ex- 
tent, of towering mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered products 
and of untold treasures. 

We thank Thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, 
who endured privations and sacrifices, who braved multiplied dangers rather 
than defile their consciences, or be untrue to their God, men who laid on the 
broad foundations of truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom. 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



31 



We praise Thee for the closing century, for the founders of the Republic, opening 
for the immortal Washington and his grand associates; for the wisdom Ccremonies - 
with which they planned, and the firmness and heroism, which, under Thy 
blessing, led them to triumphant success. Thou wast their shield in hours 
of danger, their pillar of cloud by day, and their pillar of fire by night. 
May we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues ! 

We thank Thee for social and national prosperity and progress, for valu- 
able discoveries and multiplied inventions, for labor-saving machinery, 
relieving the toiling masses, for schools, free as the morning light for the 
millions of the rising generation, for books and periodicals scattered like 
leaves of autumn over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship 
God according to the dictates of conscience, for a church unfettered by the 
trammels of state. 

Bless, we pray Thee, the President of the United States and his constitu- 
tional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Senators and Repre- 
sentatives in Congress, the Governors of our several Commonwealths, the 
officers of the Army and the Navy, and all who are in official position 
throughout our land. Guide them, we pray Thee, with counsels of wisdom, 
and may they ever rule in righteousness. We ask Thy blessing to rest upon 
the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and upon those 
associated with them in the various departments, who have labored long 
and earnestly, amidst anxieties and difficulties, for the success of this 
enterprise. 

May Thy special blessing, O thou God of all the nations of the earth, rest 
upon our National guests, our visitors from distant lands ! We welcome them 
to our shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they repre- 
sent thrones, or culture, or research, or whether they come to exhibit the 
triumphs of genius and art, in the development of industry, and in the 
progress of civilization. Preserve Thou them, we beseech Thee, in health 
and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to 
their own, their native lands! 

Let Thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial Celebration. May the 
lives and health of all interested be precious in Thy sight! Preside in its 
assemblies. Grant that this association in effort may bind more closely 
together every part of our great Republic, so that our Union may be per- 
petual and indissoluble. Let its influence draw the nations of earth into a 
happier unity. Hereafter, we pray Thee, may all disputed questions be 
settled by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever cease 
among the sons of men ! 

May the new century be better than the past ! more radiant with the 
light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations of a world-wide 
sympathy! May capital, genius, and labor be freed from all antagonism 
by the establishment and application of such principles of justice and equity 
as shall reconcile diversified interests and bind in imperishable bonds all 
parts of society ! 



32 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Opening We pray Thy benediction especially on the women of America, who, for 

Ceremonies, ^q first time in the history of our race, take so conspicuous a place in a 
national celebration. May the light of their intelligence, purity, and 
enterprise shed its beams afar, until in distant lands their sisters may realize 
the beauty and glory of Christian freedom and elevation ! We beseech 
Thee, Almighty Father, that our beloved Republic may be strengthened in 
every element of true greatness, until her mission is accomplished by pre- 
senting to the world an illustration of the happiness of a free people, with 
a free church, in a free state, under laws of their own enactment, and under 
rulers of their own selection, acknowledging supreme allegiance only to the 
King of kings and Lord of lords. And as Thou didst give to one of its 
illustrious sons first to draw experimentally the electric spark from heaven, 
which has since girdled the globe in its celestial whispers of " Glory to 
God in the highest, peace on earth and good will to men," so to latest time 
may the mission of America, under divine inspiration, be one of affection, 
brotherhood, and love for all our race ! And may the coming centuries be 
filled with the glory of our Christian civilization ! 

And unto Thee, our Father, through Him whose life is the light of men, 
will we ascribe glory and praise, now and forever. Amen. 



HYMN 

BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 

MUSIC BY J. K. PAINE, OF MASSACHUSETTS. ORGAN AND ORCHESTRAL ACCOMPANIMENT. 

Our fathers' God ! from out whose hand 
The centuries fall like grains of sand, 
We meet to-day, united, free, 
And loyal to our land and Thee, 
To thank Thee for the era done, 
And trust Thee for the opening one. 

Here, where of old, by Thy design, 
The fathers spake that word of Thine, 
Whose echo is the glad refrain 
Of rended bolt and falling chain, 
To grace our festal time, from all 
The zones of earth our guests we call. 

Be with us while the new world greets 
The old world thronging all its streets, 
Unveiling all the triumphs won 
By art or toil beneath the sun ; 
And unto common good ordain 
This rivalship of hand and brain. 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. ^ 

Thou, who hast here in concord furled Opening 

The war-flags of a gathered world, 

Beneath our Western skies fulfill 

The Orient's mission of good will, 

And, freighted with Love's Golden Fleece, 

Send back the Argonauts of peace. 

For art and labor met in truce, 
For beauty made the bride of use 
We thank Thee, while, withal, we crave 
The austere virtues strong to save, 
The honor proof to place or gold, 
The manhood never bought nor sold ! 



O ! make thou us, through centuries long, 
In peace secure, in justice strong ; 
Around our gift of freedom draw 
The safeguards of Thy righteous law ; 
And, cast in some diviner mould, 
Let the new cycle shame the old 1 



PRESENTATION OF THE BUILDINGS TO THE UNITED 
STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION 

BY JOHN WELSH, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF 

FINANCE. 

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the United States Centennial 
Commission : — In the presence of the Government of the United States, and 
of the several distinguished bodies by whom we are surrounded, and in 
behalf of the Centennial Board of Finance, I greet you. 

In readiness at the appointed time, I have the honor to announce to you 
that, under your supervision and in accordance with the plans fixed and 
established by you, we have erected the buildings belonging to us, and 
have made all the arrangements devolving on us necessary for the opening 
of the International Exhibition. We hereby now formally appropriate 
them for their intended occupation ; and we hold ourselves ready to make 
all further arrangements that may be needed for carrying into full and 
complete effect all the requirements of the acts of Congress relating to the 
Exhibition. 

For a like purpose we also appropriate the buildings belonging to the 
State of Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia, erected by us at their 
bidding, to wit : Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall, and Horticultural Hall. 
These and other substantial offerings stand as the evidence of their patriotic 

5 



34 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Opening co-operation. To the United States of America, through Congress, we are 

Ceremonies, indebted for the aid which crowned our success. 

In addition to those to which I have just referred, there are other beau- 
tiful and convenient edifices, which have been erected by the representatives 
of foreign nations, by State authority, and by individuals, which are also 
devoted to the purposes of the Exhibition. 

Ladies and Gentlemen : If in the past we have met with disappoint- 
ments, difficulties, and trials, they have been overcome by a consciousness 
that no sacrifice can be too great which is made to honor the memories of 
those who brought our nation into being. This commemoration of the 
events of 1776 excites our present gratitude. The assemblage here to-day 
of so many foreign representatives uniting with us in this reverential tribute 
is our reward. 

We congratulate you on the occurrence of this day. Many of the nations 
have gathered here in peaceful competition. Each may profit by the asso- 
ciation. This Exhibition is but a school; the more thoroughly its lessons 
are learned, the greater will be the gain, and, when it shall have closed, if 
by that study the nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for each 
other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Him who rules on high 
will become universal, and the angels' song once more be heard, — 

" Glory to God in the highest, 

And on earth peace, good will towards men." 



CANTATA 

BY SIDNEY LANIER, OF GEORGIA. 

MUSIC BY DUDLEY BUCK, OF CONNECTICUT. BASSO SOLO BY M. W. WHITNEY, OF BOSTON. 

From this hundred-terraced height 
Sight more large with nobler light 
Ranges down yon towering years : 
Humbler smiles and lordlier tears 

Shine and fall, shine and fall, 
While old voices rise and call 
Yonder where the to-and-fro 
Weltering of my Long-Ago 
Moves about the moveless base 
Far below my resting-place. 

Mayflower, Mayflower, slowly hither flying, 
Trembling westward o'er yon balking sea, 
Hearts within Farewell dear England 'sighing, 
Winds without But dear in vain replying, 
Gray-lipp'd waves about thee shouted, crying, 
No ! It shall not be ! 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



35 



Jamestown, out of thee — Opening 

Plymouth, thee — thee, Albany — Ceremonies. 

Winter cries, Ye freeze : away! 
Fever cries, Ye bum : away! 
Hunger cries, Ye starve : away ! 
Vengeance cries, Your graves shall stay ! 

Then old Shapes and Masks of Things, 

Framed like Faiths or clothed like Kings — 

Ghosts of Goods once fleshed and fair, 

Grown foul Bads in alien air — 

War, and his most noisy lords, 

Tongued with lithe and poisoned swords — 

Error, Terror, Rage, and Crime, 

All in a windy night of time 

Cried to me from land and sea, 
No ! Thou shall not be ! 

Hark ! 
Huguenots whispering _>'<?# in the dark, 
Puritans answering yea in the dark ! 
Yea, like an arrow shot true to his mark, 
Darts through the tyrannous heart of Denial. 
Patience and Labor, and solemn-souled Trial, 
Foiled, still beginning, 
Soiled, but not sinning, 
Toil through the stertorous death of the Night, 
Toil, when wild brother-wars new dark the Light, 
Toil, and forgive, and kiss o'er, and replight. 

Now Praise to God's oft-granted grace, 

Now Praise to Man's undaunted face, 

Despite the land, despite the sea, 

I was : I am : and I shall be — 
How long, Good Angel, O how long? 
Sing me from Heaven a man's own song ! 

"Long as thine Art shall love true love, 
Long as thy Science truth shall know, 
Long as thine Eagle harms no Dove, 
Long as thy Law by law shall grow, 
Long as thy God is God above, 
Thy brother every man below, 
So long, dear Land of all my love, 
Thy name shall shine, thy fame shall glow !" 



36 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

°P enin s O Music, from this height of time my Word unfold : 

In thy large signals all men's hearts Man's Heart behold : 
Mid-heaven unroll thy chords as friendly flags unfurled, 
And wave the world's best lover's welcome to the world. 



PRESENTATION OF THE EXHIBITION TO THE PRESI- 
DENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

BY JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES CEN- 
TENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Mr. President: — Five years ago, the Congress of the United States 
declared it fitting that "the completion of the first century of our national 
existence should be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources 
of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts 
which benefit mankind," and ordered that an exhibition of American and 
foreign arts, products, and manufactures should be held, under the auspices 
of the Government of the United States, in the City of Philadelphia, in 
the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. To put into effect the several 
laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Centennial Commission 
was constituted, composed of two Commissioners from each State and 
Territory, nominated by their respective Governors, and appointed by the 
President. The Congress also created our auxiliary and associate corpora- 
tion, the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy burdens 
have been nobly borne. A remarkable and prolonged disturbance of the 
finances and industries of the country has greatly magnified the task ; but 
we hope for a favorable judgment of the degree of success attained. July 
4, 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months 
ago this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hundred and eighty 
buildings within the inclosure have been erected within twelve months. 
All the buildings embraced in the plans of the Commission itself are fin- 
ished. The demands of applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous 
and continuous efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time. 

By general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held in the City of 
Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your view, stands the venerated 
edifice wherein occurred the event this work is designed to commemorate, 
and the hall in which the first Continental Congress assembled. Within 
the present limits of this great Park were the homes of eminent patriots of 
that era, where Washington and his associates received generous hospitality 
and able counsel. You have observed the surpassing beauty of the situation 
placed at our disposal. In harmony with all this fitness is the liberal sup- 
port given the enterprise by the State, the city, and the people individually. 

In the name of the United States, you extended a respectful and cordial 
invitation to the Governments of other nations to be represented and to 
participate in this Exhibition. You know the very acceptable terms in 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT ^ 

which they responded, from even the most distant regions. Their Com- Opening 
missioners are here, and you will soon see with what energy and brilliancy Ceremonies - 
they have entered upon this friendly competition in the arts of peace. 

It has been the fervent hope of the Commission that, during this festival 
year, the people from all States and sections, of all creeds and churches, 
all parties and classes, burying all resentments, would come up together to 
this birthplace of our liberties, to study the evidence of our resources; to 
measure the progress of an hundred years; and to examine to our profit 
the wonderful products of other lands ; but especially to join hands in per- 
fect fraternity and promise the God of our fathers that the new century 
shall surpass the old in the true glories of civilization. And furthermore, 
that from the association here of welcome visitors from all nations, there 
may result not alone great benefits to invention, manufactures, agriculture, 
trade, and commerce, but also stronger international friendships and more 
lasting peace. 

Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of the Govern- 
ment and the usage of similar occasions, in the name of the United States 
Centennial Commission, I present to your view the International Exhibition 
of 1876. 



ADDRESS 

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND PROCLAMATION 
OF THE OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876. 

My Countrymen : — It has been thought appropriate, upon this Cen- 
tennial occasion, to bring together in Philadelphia, for popular inspection, 
specimens of our attainments in the industrial and fine arts, and in litera- 
ture, science, and philosophy, as well as in the great business of agriculture 
and of commerce. 

That we may the more thoroughly appreciate the excellences and de- 
ficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatic expression to 
our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship of our fellow-members of 
this great family of nations, the enlightened agricultural, commercial, and 
manufacturing people of the world have been invited to send hither corre- 
sponding specimens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in friendly com- 
petition with our own. To this invitation they have generously responded ; 
for so doing we render them our hearty thanks. 

The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day be submitted to 
your inspection by the managers of this Exhibicion. We are glad to know 
that a view of specimens of the skill of all nations will afford to you unal- 
loyed pleasure, as well as yield to you a valuable practical knowledge of so 
many of the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing in enlightened 
communities. 

One hundred years ago our country was new and but partially settled. 



2 8 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Opening Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly expend our means and time 

Ceremonies. j n f e uj n g forests, subduing prairies, building dwellings, factories, ships, 
docks, warehouses, roads, canals, machinery, etc., etc. Most of our schools, 
churches, libraries, and asylums have been established within an hundred 
years. Burdened by these great primal works of necessity, which could 
not be delayed, we yet have done what this Exhibition will show in the 
direction of rivaling older and more advanced nations in law, medicine, 
and theology; in science, literature, philosophy, and the fine arts. While 
proud of what we have done, we regret that we have not done more. Our 
achievements have been great enough, however, to make it easy for our 
people to acknowledge superior merit wherever found. 

And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of what is about 
to be exhibited to you will not only inspire you with a profound respect for 
the skill and taste of our friends from other nations, but also satisfy you 
with the attainments made by our own people during the past one hundred 
years. I invoke your generous co-operation with the worthy Commissioners 
to secure a brilliant success to this International Exhibition, and to make 
the stay of our foreign visitors — to whom we extend a hearty welcome — 
both profitable and pleasant to them. 

I declare the International Exhibition now open. 



CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 



39 



THE NATIONAL COMMEMORATION, 



UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE 



UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 

INDEPENDENCE SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, 

JULY 4, 1876. 



The order of proceedings for that portion of the commemoration Centennial 

ie 

S76. 



of the Centennial Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence juiy m0 i' eS 



which took place in Independence Square was announced by the 
Centennial Commission as follows :* 



THE NATIONAL COMMEMORATION, JULY 4, 1876, 

INDEPENDENCE SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA. 

The ceremonies observed, under the direction of the United States Centennial Com- 
mission, in commemoration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Declaration of 
Independence of the United States, take place in Independence Square, Philadelphia, 
July 4, beginning at 10 A.M. 

PROGRAMME. 

1.— GRAND OVERTURE, THE GREAT REPUBLIC, founded on the National 
Air, Hail Columbia, and arranged for the occasion by the composer, George F. Bristow, 
of New York. Orchestra — P. S. Gilmore, Musical Director for the day. 

2.— THE PRESIDENT OF THE COMMISSION, Joseph R. Hawley, will call the 
assembly to order, and announce the President of the United States, or, in his absence, 
the Vice-President, Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, as the presiding officer of the day. 

3.— PRAYER, by the Rt. Rev. William B. Stevens, D.D., Bishop of Pennsylvania. 

4.— HYMN, WELCOME TO ALL NATIONS. Words by Oliver Wendell Holmes, 
of Massachusetts. Music, Keller's Hymn, Orchestra and Chorus. 

* The proceedings on this occasion were arranged by an advisory committee, composed 
of Messrs. Henry Armitt Brown, John William Wallace, and Charles S. Keyser. 

6 4' 



July 4, 1876. 



42 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial 5.— READING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, by Richard 

Ceremonies, Henry Lee, of Virginia. The original manuscript will be brought forward for the purpose 
by his Honor the Mayor of Philadelphia, to whose care it has been intrusted by the Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

6.— GREETING FROM BRAZIL, a Hymn for the First Centennial of American 
Independence, composed by A. Carlos Gomes, of Brazil, at the request of His Majesty 
Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil. Orchestra. 

7.— POEM, THE NATIONAL ODE, by Bayard Taylor, of Pennsylvania. Intro- 
duced by John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance. 

8.— GRAND TRIUMPHAL MARCH, WITH CHORUS, OUR NATIONAL 
BAANER. Words by Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts. Music by Sir Julius Benedict, 
of England. Orchestra and Chorus. 

9.— ORATION, by William M. Evarts, of New York. 

10.— HALLELUJAH CHORUS, from Handel's Messiah. Orchestra and Chorus 

11.— DOXOLOGY, THE OLD HUNDREDTH PSALM, in which all present are 
requested to join. 

In the public square at the rear of Independence Hall was erected 
a sheltered platform, capable of accommodating 5000 invited guests. 
On the opposite side of Independence Square was a platform for an 
orchestra of 250 performers and a chorus of 1200 singers, composed 
of volunteers from the musical associations of Philadelphia, led by 
Mr. P. S. Gilmore. Long before the hour designated the entire 
square, even to the branches of its trees and the surrounding streets, 
had become densely thronged ; and the platform was filled with those 
for whom seats had been provided. Among the distinguished guests 
upon the platform were representatives of the diplomatic corps ac- 
credited to this government; the commissioners of the different 
nations which participated in the Exhibition ; the Vice-President of 
the United States and members of the Cabinet, Congress, and Supreme 
Court of the United States ; officers of the army and navy ; the Gov- 
ernors of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Maryland, Vermont, Rhode Island, 
and Michigan ; officers of the State of Pennsylvania, of Philadelphia, 
and of neighboring cities ; representatives of various religious bodies, 
and distinguished citizens of Philadelphia and other cities. As many 
of these gentlemen appeared upon the platform, — especially the gene- 
rals Sherman and Sheridan, Sir Edward Thornton, the British 
Minister, and His Majesty Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, — they 
were greeted with enthusiastic applause. 

At about ten o'clock General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the 
Centennial Commission, called on the audience for quiet, and sig- 
naled to the musical director for the performance of the grand over- 
ture, The Great Republic, which was composed by Mr. George F. 
Bristow, of New York, upon the basis of the national air, Hail 
Columbia. 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. ^ 

At the conclusion of the music, General Havvley addressed the Centennial 

, . Ceremonies, 

audience: July4j l876 . 



ADDRESS 

BY JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. 

Fellow-Citizens and Friends of all Nations: — One hundred years 
ago the Republic was proclaimed on this spot, and we have come together 
to celebrate to-day, by peaceful and simple observance, our» wonder, our 
pride, and our gratitude. These presences to-day prove the good will ex- 
isting among all nations. To the strangers among us a thousand welcomes ; 
to the land we love, liberty, peace, justice, prosperity, and the blessing of 
God to all time. By direction of the Commission, I have the honor to 
announce as the presiding officer of the day the Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, 
Vice-President of the United States. 

Mr. Ferry then assumed the chair and spoke as follows : 



ADDRESS 

BY THOMAS W. FERRY. 

Citizens of our Centennial: — The regretful absence of the President 
of the United States casts on me the honor of presiding on this eventful 
occasion. Much as I value the official distinction, I prize much more the 
fact that severally we hold, and successfully we maintain, the right to the 
prouder title of American citizen. It ranks all others. It makes office, 
unmakes officers, and creates States. One hundred years ago, in yonder 
historical structure, heroic statesmen sat, and gravely chose between royal 
rule and popular sovereignty. Inspired with the spirit which animated the 
Roman sage who, on the midst of Mars Hill, declared that of one blood 
were made all nations of men, those Continental sages echoed in the midst 
of Independence Hall their immortal declaration that all men are created 
free and equal. Appealing to the God of justice and of battle for the 
rectitude and firmness of their purpose, they pledged their lives, their 
fortunes, and their sacred honor to the abstract principle of the freedom 
and equality of the human race. 

To-day, in this rounding hour of a century, appealing to the same God 
of justice and of peace, we praise Him for, and pledge our lives, our for- 
tunes, and our sacred honor to maintain, the spirit of that Declaration now 
made universal by the fundamental law of the land. We, the people of 
the United States, in this Centennial memorial, pay double tribute to the 
Most High One of grateful acknowledgment of the fulfilled pledge of 



44 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial ur fathers to overthrow royalism, and the other of joyful assurance of 
July 4, 1876. tne fulfilling pledge of their sons to uphold republicanism. The great 
powers of the earth honor the spirit of American fidelity to the cause of 
human freedom by the exhibition of their wares and the presence of their 
titled peers to grace and dignify the world's homage paid to the centennial 
genius of American liberty. 

Three millions of people grown to forty-three millions ; and thirteen 
Colonies enlarged to a nation of thirty-seven States, with the thirty-eighth, 
the Centennial State, forsaking eight Territories, and on the threshold of 
the Union, abiding executive admission ; these attest the forecast and the 
majesty of the Declaration of 1776. It was nothing short of the utterance 
of the sovereignty of manhood and the worth of American citizenship. 
Its force is fast supplanting the assumption of the divine right of kings, by 
virtue of the supreme law of the nation, that the people alone hold the 
sole power to rule. Nations succeed each other in following the example 
of this Republic, and the force of American institutions bids fair to bring 
about a general reversal of the source of political power. When that 
period shall come, Great Britain, so magnanimous in presence on this 
auspicious era, will then, if not before, praise the events when American 
Independence was won under Washington, and when freedom and equality 
of races were achieved under Lincoln and Grant. 

At the close of his address the Vice-President, introducing the 
Right Rev. William Bacon Stevens, D.D., said : 

Fellow-Citizens : — You will now reverently join in an invocation by 
the ecclesiastical successor of the first Chaplain of the Continental Con- 
gress, the Right Reverend William B. Stevens, Bishop of Pennsylvania. 



PRAYER 

BY BISHOP STEVENS. 

O Almighty and Eternal God, we come before Thee to praise Thy 
glorious name, and to give Thee most humble and hearty thanks for the 
inestimable blessings which, as a nation, we this day enjoy. 

We devoutly recognize Thy Fatherly hand in the planting and nurturing 
of these colonies, in carrying them through the perils and trials of war, in 
establishing them in peace, and in permitting us to celebrate this hundredth 
birthday of our independence. We thank Thee, O God, that Thou didst 
inspire the hearts of Thy servants to lay here the foundations of peace and 
liberty, to proclaim here those principles which have wrought out for us 
such civil and religious blessings, and to set up here a government which 
Thou hast crowned by Thy blessing and guarded by Thy hand to this day. 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 45 

Thou hast safely brought us to the beginning of another century of Centennial 
national life. Defend and bless us in the same, O God, with Thy mighty Ceremonies . 

July 4, 1876. 

power. Give peace and prosperity in all our borders, unity and charity 
among all classes, and a true and hearty love of country to all our people. 
Keep far from us all things hurtful to the welfare of the nation, and give to 
us all things necessary for our true growth and progress. 

Bless, O Thou Mighty Ruler of the universe, Thy servants to whom are 
committed the executive, the legislative, and judicial government of this 
land. Be pleased to direct and prosper all their consultations to the ad- 
vancement of Thy glory, the good of Thy church, the safety, honor, and 
welfare of Thy people; that all things may be so ordered and settled by 
their endeavors upon the best and surest foundations ; that peace and hap- 
piness, truth and justice, religion and true liberty, may be established 
among us for all generations. Make us know, therefore, on this day of our 
nation's festivity, and to consider it in our hearts, that Thou art God in 
heaven above, and upon the earth beneath, and that there is no God else 
beside Thee. 

Enable us to keep Thy statutes and Thy judgments which Thou hast 
commanded, that it may go well with us and with our children ; that we 
and They may fear Thy name and obey Thy law, and that Thou mayest 
prolong the days of this nation through all coming time. 

Pour out Thy Fatherly blessing upon our whole country, upon all our 
lawful pursuits and industries, upon all our households and institutions of 
learning and benevolence, that rejoicing in Thy smile, and strengthened by 
Thy might, this nation may go on through all the years of this new century 
a praise and a joy of the whole earth, so that all who look upon it may be 
able to say, " Truly God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved." 

These things and whatsoever else we need for our national preservation 
and perpetuity, we humbly ask in the name and through the mediation of 
Thy dear Son, to whom, with the Father and the Holy Ghost, be ascribed 
all might, majesty, dominion, and power, world without end. Amen. 

When the audience, who had stood with uncovered heads during 
the prayer, had resumed their places, the chorus sang the hymn 
Welcome to all Nations, written for the occasion by Dr. Oliver Wen- 
dell Holmes. 



Centennial 
Ceremonies, 
July 4, 1876. 



46 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

HYMN, WELCOME TO ALL NATIONS. 

BY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

MUSIC, " KELLER'S HYMN." ORCHESTRA AND CHORUS. 
I. 

Bright on the banners of lily and rose, 

Lo, the last sua of the century sets ! 
Wreathe the black cannon that scowled on our foes; 

All but her friendships the nation forgets ! 
All but her friends and their welcome forgets ! 

These are around her, but where are her foes ? 
Lo, while the sun of the century sets, 

Peace with her garlands of lily and rose ! 

11. 
Welcome ! a shout like the war-trumpet's swell, 

Wakes the wild echoes that slumber around ! 
Welcome ! it quivers from Liberty's bell ; 

Welcome ! the walls of her temple resound ! 
Hark ! the gray walls of her temple resound ! 

Fade the far voices o'er river and dell ; 
Welcome ! still whisper the echoes around ; 

Welcome ! still trembles on Liberty's bell ! 

in. 
Thrones of the continents ! Isles of the sea ! 

Yours are the garlands of peace we entwine ! 
Welcome once more to the land of the free, 

Shadowed alike by the palm and the pine, 
Softly they murmur, the palm and the pine, 

" Hushed is our strife in the land of the free." 
Over your children their branches entwine, 

Thrones of the continents ! Isles of the sea ! 

The Vice-President then said : 

Fellow-Citizens : I now have the pleasure of announcing to you that 
the original document of the Declaration of Independence will be brought 
forward by his Honor the Mayor of Philadelphia, and will be read to you 
by the grandson of that patriot and statesman, Richard Henry Lee, who, 
in the Continental Congress, moved that "these United Colonies are, and 
of right ought to be, free and independent States." 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



47 



The Hon. William S. Stokley, Mayor of Philadelphia, accompanied Centennial 
by Mr. Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, brought to the front of the j^ "^' 
platform the old manuscript of the Declaration, held together by a 
frame. 



ADDRESS 

BY WILLIAM S. STOKLEY, MAYOR OF PHILADELPHIA. 

Freemen : — It is peculiarly appropriate to the celebration of the Centen- 
nial Anniversary of the birthday of the nation that the hallowed document 
which secured to millions their freedom, and which marked the advent of 
a nation in the West, should be exhibited and read to the people upon the 
spot from which one hundred years ago it was first promulgated to the 
world. All the surroundings of the occasion, notably the presence of dis- 
tinguished representatives from nearly all of the nations of the earth, mark 
the contrast between the beginning and the end of the first century of a 
nation whose existence is based upon the fundamental principle of that 
Declaration. 

Impressed with a sense of the magnitude of an occasion such as the one 
which we to-day celebrate, the President of the United States recently 
intrusted to my care the original of the Declaration of Independence of the 
United States, that the same might be read and exhibited to the people in 
this place upon the Fourth day of July, 1876; and, in accordance with the 
duty devolved upon me, I have now the honor to exhibit the document 
to you, after which it will be temporarily intrusted to Mr. Lee, the distin- 
guished gentleman to whom has been assigned the duty of reading it aloud. 

The enthusiasm with which the venerated relic was greeted broke 
out in prolonged cheering, which, at a signal, culminated in a tre- 
mendous shout of welcome from all on the platform and in the 
Square, and was taken up and echoed back by the crowds in the 
streets without. 

Mr. Lee then read the Declaration from the old manuscript. 

The Vice-President, at the conclusion of the reading, announced as 
next in the order of proceedings the performance by the orchestra 
of a " Greeting from Brazil, a Hymn for the First Centennial of 
American Independence, composed by A. Carlos Gomes, of Brazil, 
at the request of his Majesty Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil." 
The Emperor, at this point, was conducted to the front of the plat- 
form by General Hawley, and bowed his acknowledgment of the 
cordial applause with which he was greeted, — cheers which were 
repeated at the close of the music. 



4 g INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial Mr. John Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance, 

Ceremonies, fa^ introduced to the audience, at the request of Vice-President 

July 4, 1876. ' ^ 

Ferry, Mr. Bayard Taylor, of Pennsylvania, who was received very 
heartily and listened to with close attention during his recitation of 
the Ode of the day. 



NATIONAL ODE 

BY BAYARD TAYLOR, OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

I.— I. 

Sun of the stately Day, 
Let Asia into the shadow drift, 
Let Europe bask in thy ripened ray, 
And over the severing ocean lift 
A brow of broader splendor ! 
Give light to the eager eyes 
Of the Land that waits to behold thee rise : 
The gladness of morning lend her, 
With the triumph of noon attend her, 
And the peace of the vesper skies ! 
For lo ! she cometh now 
With hope on the lip and pride on the brow, 
Stronger, and dearer, and fairer, 
To smile on the love we bear her, — 
To live, as we dreamed her and sought her, 

Liberty's latest daughter ! 
In the clefts of the rocks, in the secret places, 

We found her traces ; 
On the hills, in the crash of woods that fall, 
We heard her call ; 
When the lines of battle broke, 
We saw her face in the fiery smoke ; 
Through toil, and anguish, and desolation, 

We followed, and found her 
With the grace of a virgin Nation 
As a sacred zone around her ! 
Who shall rejoice 
With a righteous voice, 
Far-heard through the ages, if not she? 
For the menace is dumb that defied her, 
The doubt is dead that denied her, 
And she stands acknowledged, and strong, and free/ 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



49 



-Li- !• Centennial 

Ceremonies, 

Ah, hark ! the solemn undertone j u i y 4 , 1876. 

On every wind of human story blown. 
A large, divinely-moulded Fate 
Questions the right and purpose of a State, 
And in its plan sublime 
Our eras are the dust of Time. 
The far-off Yesterday of power 

Creeps back with stealthy feet, 
Invades the lordship of the hour, 
And at our banquet takes the unbidden seat. 
From all unchronicled and silent ages 
Before the Future first begot the Past, 

Till History dared, at last, 
To write eternal words on granite pages; 
From Egypt's tawny drift, and Assur's mound, 
And where, uplifted white and far, 
Earth highest yearns to meet a star, 
And Man his manhood by the Ganges found, — 
Imperial heads, of old millennial sway, 

And still by some pale splendor crowned, 
Chill as a corpse-light in our full-orbed day, 

In ghostly grandeur rise 
And say, through stony lips and vacant eyes : 
" Thou that assertest freedom, power, and fame, 
Declare to us thy claim !" 

I. — 2. 

On the shores of a Continent cast, 

She won the inviolate soil 
By loss of heirdom, of all the Past, 
And faith in the royal right of Toil ! 
She planted homes on the savage sod : 

Into the wilderness lone 

She walked with fearless feet, 

In her hand the divining-rod, 

Till the veins of the mountains beat 
With fire of metal and force of stone ! 
She set the speed of the river-head 

To turn the mills of her bread ; 

She drove her plowshare deep 
Through the prairie's thousand-centuried sleep; 

To the South, and West, and North, 

She called Pathfinder forth, 
7 



r INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial Her faithful and sole companion, 

Ceremonies, Where the flushed Sierra, snowy-starred, 

July 4, 1876. ' J ' 

Her way to the sunset barred, 
And the nameless rivers in thunder and foam 

Channeled the terrible canyon ! 

Nor paused, till her uttermost home 
Was built, in the smile of a softer sky 

And the glory of beauty still to be, 
Where the haunted waves of Asia die 

On the strand of the world-wide sea ! 



II.— 2. 

The race, in conquering, 
Some fierce Titanic joy of conquest knows : 

Whether in veins of serf or king, 
Our ancient blood beats restless in repose. 

Challenge of Nature unsubdued 
Awaits not Man's defiant answer long ; 

For hardship, even as wrong, 
Provokes the level-eyed, heroic mood. 
This for herself she did ; but that which lies, 

As over earth the skies, 
Blending all forms in one benignant glow, — 

Crowned conscience, tender care, 
Justice, that answers every bondman's prayer, 
Freedom where Faith may lead or thought may dare, 

The power of minds that know, 

Passion of hearts that feel, 

Purchased by blood and woe, 

Guarded by fire and steel, — 
Hath she secured ? What blazon on her shield, 

In the clear Century's light 

Shines to the world revealed, 
Declaring nobler triumph, born of Right? 

I--3- 

Foreseen in the vision of sages, 

Foretold when martyrs bled, 
She was born of the longing of ages, 

By the truth of the noble dead 

And the faith of the living fed ! 
No blood in her lightest veins 
Frets at remembered chains, 
Nor shame of bondage has bowed her head. 



REP OR T OF THE PRESIDENT. r { 

111 her form and features still Centennial 

The unblenching Puritan will, juiyT°iS 

Cavalier honor, Huguenot grace, 

The Quaker truth and sweetness, 
And the strength of the danger-girdled race 
Of Holland, blend in a proud completeness. 
From the homes of all, where her being began, 

She took what she gave to Man : 

Justice, that knew no station, 
Belief as soul decreed, 

Free air for aspiration, 
Free force for independent deed ! 

She takes but to give again, 
As the sea returns the rivers in rain ; 
And gathers the chosen of her seed 
From the hunted of every crown and creed. 
Her Germany dwells by a gentler Rhine; 
Her Ireland sees the old sunburst shine ; 
Her France pursues some dream divine ; 
Her Norway keeps his mountain pine ; 
Her Italy waits by the western brine \ 

And, broad-based under all, 
Is planted England's oaken-hearted mood, 

As rich in fortitude 
As e'er went worldward from the island wall ! 

Fused in her candid light, 
To one strong race all races here unite : 
Tongues melt in hers, hereditary foemen 
Forget their sword and slogan, kith and clan ; 

'Twas glory, once, to be a Roman , 
She makes it glory, now, to be a Man ! 

II— 3- 

Bow down ! 

Doff thine aeon i an crown ! 

One hour forget 
The glory, and recall the debt : 

Make expiation, 

Of humbler mood, 
For the pride of thine exultation 
O'er peril conquered and strife subdued ! 
But half the right is wrested 

When victory yields her prize, 
And half the marrow tested 

When old endurance dies. 



52 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



July 4, 1876. 



Centennial In the sight of them that love thee, 

Ceremonies, Bow to the Greater above thee ! 

He faileth not to smite 
The idle ownership of Right, 
Nor spares to sinews fresh from trial, 
And virtue schooled in long denial, 
The tests that wait for thee 
In larger perils of prosperity. 

Here, at the Century's awful shrine, 
Bow to thy Fathers' God — and thine ! 



I. 



Behold ! she bendeth now, 
Humbling the chaplet of her hundred years : 
There is a solemn sweetness on her brow, 
And in her eyes are sacred tears. 
Can she forget, 
In present joy. the burden of her debt, 
When for a captive race 
She grandly staked and won 
The total promise of her power begun, 

And bared her bosom's grace 
To the sharp wound that inly tortures yet? 

Can she forget 
The million graves her young devotion set, 

The hands that clasp above 

From either side, in sad, returning love? 

Can she forget, 

Here, where the Ruler of to-day, 

The Citizen of to-morrow, 

And equal thousands to rejoice and pray 

Beside these holy walls are met, 
Her birth-cry, mixed of keenest bliss and sorrow ? 
Where, on July's immortal morn 
Held forth, the People saw her head 
And shouted to the world : " The King is dead, 

But lo ! the Heir is born !" 
When fire of Youth, and sober trust of Age, 
In Farmer, Soldier, Priest, and Sage, 
Arose and cast upon her 
Baptismal garments, — never robes so fair 

Clad prince in Old-world air, — > 
Their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor ! 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



53 



II. 4* Centennial 

Ceremonies, 

Arise ! Recrown thy head, j u i y 4 , 1876. 

Radiant with blessing of the Dead ! 

Bear from this hallowed place 
The prayer that purifies thy lips, 
The light of courage that defies eclipse, 
The rose of Man's new morning on thy face ! 

Let no iconoclast 
Invade thy rising Pantheon of the Past, 
To make a blank where Adams stood, 
To touch the Father's sheathed and sacred blade, 
Spoil crowns on Jefferson and Franklin laid, 
Or wash from Freedom's feet the stain of Lincoln's blood ! 
Hearken, as from that haunted hall 
Their voices call : 
" We lived and died for thee : 
We greatly dared that thou might'st be ; 
So, from thy children still 
We claim denials which at last fulfill, 
And freedom yielded to preserve thee free ! 
Beside clear-hearted Right 
That smiles at Power's uplifted rod, 
Plant Duties that requite, 
And Order that sustains, upon thy sod, 

And stand in stainless might 
Above all self, and only less than God !" 

III.— i. 

Here may thy solemn challenge end, 
All-proving Past, and each discordance die 

Of doubtful augury, 
Or in one choral with the Present blend, 

And that half-heard, sweet harmony 
Of something nobler that our sons may see ! 

Though poignant memories burn 

Of days that were, and may again return, 

When thy fleet foot, O Huntress of the Woods, 

The slippery brinks of danger knew, 

And dim the eyesight grew 

That was so sure in thine old solitudes, — 

Yet stays some richer sense 
Won from the mixture of thine elements, 

To guide the vagrant scheme, 
And winnow truth from each conflicting dream ! 



54 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Centennial Yet in thy blood shall live 

Ceremonies, Some force unspent, some essence primitive, 

To seize the highest use of things ; 
For Fate, to mould thee to her plan, 
Denied thee food of kings, 
Withheld the udder and the orchard-fruits, 

Fed thee with savage roots, 
And forced thy harsher milk from barren breasts of man ! 



III.— 2. 

O sacred Woman-Form, 
Of the first People's need and passion wrought, — 

No thin, pale ghost of Thought, 
But fair as Morning and as heart's-blood warm, — 
Wearing thy priestly tiar on Judah's hills ■ 
Clear-eyed beneath Athene's helm of gold ; 

Or from Rome's central seat 
Hearing the pulses of the Continents beat 

In thunder where her legions rolled ; 
Compact of high heroic hearts and wills, 

Whose being circles all 
The selfless aims of men, and all fulfills; 
Thyself not free, so long as one is thrall ; 
Goddess, that as a Nation lives, 

And as a Nation dies, 
That for her children as a man defies, 
And to her children as a mother gives, — 

Take our fresh fealty now ! 
No more a Chieftainess, with wampum-zone 

And feather-cinctured brow, — 
No more a new Britannia, grown 
To spread an equal banner to the breeze, 
And lift thy trident o'er the double seas; 

But with unborrowed crest, 
In thine own native beauty dressed, — 
The front of pure command, the unflinching eye, thine own ! 



IIIv-3. 

Look up, look forth, and on ! 
There's light in the dawning sky : 
The clouds are parting, the night is gone: 
Prepare for the work of the day ! 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



55 



Fallow thy pastures lie Centennial 

And far thy shepherds stray, Ceremonies, 

3 r 3 July 4, 1876. 

And the fields of thy vast domain 

Are waiting for purer seed 

Of knowledge, desire, and deed, 
For keener sunshine and mellower rain ! 

But keep thy garments pure : 
Pluck them back, with the old disdain, 

From touch of the hands that stain ! 

So shall thy strength endure. 
Transmute into good the gold of Gain, 
Compel to beauty thy ruder powers, 

Till the bounty of coming hours 

Shall plant, on thy fields apart, 
With the oak of Toil, the rose of Art ! 

Be watchful, and keep us so : 

Be strong, and fear no foe : 

Be just, and the world shall know ! 
With the same love love us, as we give ; 

And the day shall never come, 

That finds us weak or dumb 

To join and smite and cry 
In the great task, for thee to die, 
And the greater task, for thee to live ! 



The applause at the conclusion of Mr. Taylor's Ode was interrupted 
by the orchestral prelude to the Grand Triumphal March, with chorus, 
the words of which were by Mr. Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts ; the 
music by Sir Julius Benedict, of England. 



OUR NATIONAL BANNER. 

GRAND TRIUMPHAL MARCH, WITH CHORUS. 
I. 

O'er the high and o'er the lowly 
Floats that banner bright and holy 

In the rays of freedom's sun ; 
In the nation's heart imbedded, 
O'er our Union newly wedded, 

One in all, and all in one. 



56 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial 
Ceremonies, 

July 4 , 1876 Let that banner wave forever, 

May its lustrous stars fade never 

Till the stars shall pale on high ; 
While there's right the wrong defeating, 
While there's hope in true heart beating, 

Truth and freedom shall not die. 



III. 

As it floated long before us, 
Be it ever floating o'er us, 

O'er our land from shore to shore ; 
There are freemen yet to wave it, 
Millions who would die to save it, — 

Wave it, save it evermore. 

The Vice-President then introduced the orator of the day in the 
following terms : 

I have now the honor to announce the eminent jurist, whose fame the 
Empire State has long since ceased to hold. I now present William M. 
Evarts, of New York, the orator of the day. 



ORATION 

BY WILLIAM M. EVARTS. 

The event which to-day we commemorate supplier its own reflections 
and enthusiasms, and brings its own plaudits. They do not at all hang on 
the voice of the speaker, nor do they greatly depend upon the contacts and 
associations of the place. The Declaration of American Independence was, 
when it occurred, a capital transaction in human affairs ; as such it has kept 
its place in history; as such it will maintain itself while human interest in 
human institutions shall endure. The scene and the actors, for their pro- 
found impression upon the world, at the time and ever since, have owed 
nothing to dramatic effects, nothing to epical exaggerations. To the eye 
there was nothing wonderful, or vast, or splendid, or pathetic in the move- 
ment or the display. Imagination or art can give no sensible grace or 
decoration to the persons, the place, or the performance which made up 
the business of that day. The worth and force that belong to the agents 
and the action rest wholly on the wisdom, the courage, and the faith that 
formed and executed the great design, and the potency and permanence of 
its operation upon the affairs of the world which, as foreseen and legitimate 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT 57 

consequences, followed. The dignity of the act is the deliberate, circum- centennial 
spect, open, and serene performance by these men in the clear light of day, Ceremonies, 
and by a concurrent purpose, of a civic duty, which embraced the greatest juy4, l! 
hazards to themselves and to all the people from whom they held this 
deputed discretion, but which, to their sober judgments, promised benefits 
to that people and their posterity, from generation to generation, exceeding 
these hazards and commensurate with its own fitness. The question of their 
conduct is to be measured by the actual weight and pressure of the manifold 
considerations which surrounded the subject before them, and by the abun- 
dant evidence that they comprehended their vastness and variety. By a 
voluntary and responsible choice they willed to do what was done, and what 
without their will would not have been done. Thus estimated, the illus- 
trious act covers all who participated in it with its own renown, and makes 
them forever conspicuous among men, as it is forever famous among events. 
And thus the signers of the Declaration of our Independence " wrote 
their names where all nations should behold them, and all time should not 
efface them." It was, " in the course of human events," intrusted to them 
to determine whether the fullness of time had come when a nation should 
be born in a day. They declared the independence of a new nation in the 
sense in which men declare emancipation or declare war; the declaration 
created what was declared. 

Famous always among men are the founders of States, and fortunate 
above all others in such fame are these, our fathers, whose combined 
wisdom and courage began the great structure of our national existence, 
and laid sure the foundations of liberty and justice on which it rests. 
Fortunate, first, in the clearness of their title and in the world's accept- 
ance of their rightful claim. Fortunate, next, in the enduring magnitude 
of the State they founded and the beneficence of its protection of the 
vast interests of human life and happiness which have here had their home. 
Fortunate, again, in the admiring imitation of their work which the insti- 
tutions of the most powerful and most advanced nations more and more 
exhibit; and, last of all, fortunate in the full demonstration of our later 
time that their work is adequate to withstand the most disastrous storms of 
human fortunes, and survive unwrecked, unshaken, and unharmed. 

This day has now been celebrated by a great people, at each recurrence 
of its anniversary, for a hundred years, with every form of ostentatious 
joy, with every demonstration of respect and gratitude for the ancestral 
virtue which gave it its glory, and with the firmest faith that growing time 
should neither obscure its lustre nor reduce the ardor or discredit the sin- 
cerity of its observance. A reverent spirit has explored the lives of the 
men who took part in the great transaction ; has unfolded their characters 
and exhibited to an admiring posterity the purity of their motives, 
the sagacity, the bravery, the fortitude, the perseverance which marked 
their conduct, and which secured the prosperity and permanence of their 
work. Philosophy has divined the secrets of all this power, and eloquence 

8 



58 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial emblazoned the magnificence of all its results. The heroic war which fought 
Ceremonies, out ^ Q aC q U i escence Q f the Old World in the independence of the New ; 

July 4, 1876. ^ 1 . ' 

the manifold and masterly forms of noble character and of patient and 
serene wisdom which the great influences of the times begat; the large and 
splendid scale on which these elevated purposes were wrought out, and the 
majestic proportions to which they have been filled up ; the unended line 
of eventful progress, casting ever backward a flood of light upon the 
sources of the original energy, and ever forward a promise and a prophecy 
of unexhausted power, — all these have been made familiar to our people by 
the genius and the devotion of historians and orators. The greatest states- 
men of the Old World for this same period of a hundred years have 
traced the initial steps in these events, looked into the nature of the insti- 
tutions thus founded, weighed by the Old World wisdom, and measured by 
recorded experience, the probable fortunes of this new adventure on an 
unknown sea. This circumspect and searching survey of our wide field of 
political and social experiment, no doubt, has brought them a diversity of 
judgment as to the past and of expectation as to the future. But of the 
magnitude and the novelty and the power of the forces set at work by the 
event we commemorate, no competent authorities have ever greatly differed. 
The contemporary judgment of Burke is scarcely an over-statement of the 
European opinion of the immense import of American independence. 
He declared : "A great revolution has happened, — a revolution made not 
by chopping and changing of power in any of the existing States, but by 
the appearance of a new State, of a new species, in a new part of the globe. 
It has made as great a change in all the relations and balances and gravita- 
tions of power as the appearance of a new planet would in the system of 
the solar world." 

It iseisy to understand that the rupture between the colonies and the 
the mother-country might have worked a result of political independence 
that would have involved no such mighty consequences as are here so 
strongly announced by the most philosophic statesman of his age. The 
resistance of the colonies, which came to a head in the revolt, was led in 
the name and for the maintenance of the liberties of Englishmen against 
Parliamentary usurpation and a subversion of the British Constitution, A 
triumph of those liberties might have ended in an emancipation from the 
rule of the English Parliament, and a continued submission to the scheme 
and system of the British monarchy, with an American Parliament adjusted 
thereto, upon the true principles of the English Constitution. Whether 
this new political establishment should have maintained loyalty to the 
British sovereign, or should have been organized under a crown and throne 
of its own, the transaction would, then, have had no other importance than 
such as belongs to a dismemberment of existing empire, but with preserva- 
tion of existing institutions. There would have been, to be sure, a "new 
State," but not " of a new species," and that it was "in a new part of the 
globe" would have gone far. to make the dismemberment but a temporarv 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. - g 

and circumstantial disturbance in the old order of things. Indeed, the centennial 
solidity and perpetuity of that order might have been greatly confirmed by Ceremonies, 
this propagation of the model of the European- monarchies on the bound- uy4 ' 1 
less regions of this continent. It is precisely here that the Declaration of 
Independence has its immense importance. As a civil act, and by the 
people's decree, — and not by the achievement of the army, or through 
military motives, — at the first stage of the conflict it assigned a new nation- 
ality, with its own institutions, as the civilly preordained end to be fought 
for and secured. It did not leave it to be an after-fruit of triumphant war, 
shaped and measured by military power, and conferred by the army on the 
people. This assured at the outset the supremacy of civil over military 
authority, the subordination of the army to the unarmed people. This 
deliberative choice of the scope and goal of the Revolution made sure of 
two things, which must have been always greatly in doubt if military 
reasons and events had held the mastery over the civil power. The first 
was that nothing less than the independence of the nation, and its separa- 
tion from the system of Europe, would be attained if our arms were pros- 
perous ; and the second, that the new nation would always be the mistress 
of its own institutions. This might not have been its fate had a triumphant 
army won the prize of independence, not as a task set for it by the people, 
and done in its service, but by its own might, and held by its own title, 
and so to be shaped and dealt with by its own will. 

There is the best reason to think that the Congress which declared our 
independence gave its chief solicitude, not to the hazards of military failure, 
not to the chance of miscarriage in the project of separation from England, 
but to the grave responsibility of the military success — of which they made 
no doubt — and as to what should replace, as government to the new nation, 
the monarchy of England, which they considered as gone to them forever 
from the date of the Declaration. Nor did this Congress feel any uncer- 
tainty, either in disposition or expectation, that the natural and necessary 
result would preclude the formation of the new government out of any other 
materials than such as were to be found in society as established on this 
side of the Atlantic. These materials, they foresaw, were capable of, and 
would tolerate, only such political establishment as would maintain and 
perpetuate the equality and liberty always enjoyed in the several colonial 
communities. 

But all these limitations upon what was possible still left a large range of 
anxiety as to what was probable, and might become actual. One thing was 
too essential to be left uncertain, and the founders of this nation deter- 
mined that there never should be a moment when the several communities 
of the different colonies should lose the character of component parts of one 
nation. By their plantation and growth up to the day of the Declaration 
of Independence they were subjects of one sovereignty, bound together in 
one political connection, parts of one country, under one constitution, with 
one destiny. Accordingly the Declaration, by its very terms, made the 



6o INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial act of separation a dissolving by "one people" of "the political bands 
Ceremonies t ] iat j iave CO nnected them with another," and the proclamation of the 

July 4, 1876. . * 

right and of the fact of independent nationality was, "that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." 

It was thus that, at one breath, " independence and union" were declared 
and established. The confirmation of the first by war, and of the second by 
civil wisdom, was but the execution of the single design which it is the glory 
of this great instrument of our national existence to have framed and an- 
nounced. The recognition of our independence, first by France and then 
by Great Britain, the closer union by the Articles of Confederation, and the 
final unity by the Federal Constitution were all but muniments of title of 
that "liberty and union, one and inseparable," which were proclaimed at 
this place and on this day one hundred years ago, which have been our 
possession from that moment hitherto, and which we surely avow shall be 
our possession forever. 

Seven years of revolutionary war and twelve years of consummate civil 
prudence brought us, in turn, to the conclusive peace of 1783 and to the 
perfected Constitution of 1787. Few chapters of the world's history cover- 
ing such brief periods are crowded with so many illustrious names or made 
up of events of so deep and permanent interest to mankind. I cannot stay 
to recall to your attention these characters or these incidents, or to renew 
the gratitude and applause with which we never cease to contemplate them. 
It is only their relation to the Declaration of Independence itself that I need 
to insist upon, and to the new State which it brought into existence. In 
this view these progressive processes were but the articulation of the mem- 
bers of the State and the adjustment of its circulation to the new centres 
of its vital power. These processes were all implied and included in this 
political creation, and were as necessary and as certain, if it were not to 
languish and to die, as in any natural creature. 

Within the hundred years whose flight in our national history we mark 
to-day we have had occasion to corroborate by w r ar both the independence 
and the unity of the nation. In our war against England for neutrality we 
asserted and we established the absolute right to be free of European en- 
tanglements in time of war as well as in time of peace, and so completed 
our independence of Europe. And by the war of the Constitution — a war 
within the nation — the bonds of our unity were tried and tested, as in a 
fiery furnace, and proved to be dependent upon no shifting vicissitudes of 
acquiescence, no partial dissents or discontents, but, so far as is predicable 
of human fortunes, irrevocable, indestructible, perpetual, Casibus hcecnullis, 
nullo delebilis (zvo. 

We may be quite sure that the high resolve to stake the future of a great 
people upon a system of society and of polity that should dispense with the 
dogmas, the experience, the traditions, the habits, and the sentiments upon 
which the firm and durable fabric of the British Constitution had been built 
up, was not taken without a solicitous and competent survey of the history, 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. $ l 

the condition, the temper, and the moral and intellectual traits of the Centennial 
people for whom the decisive step was taken. Ceremonies, 

It may, indeed, be suggested that the main body of the elements, and a 
large share of the arrangements, of the new government were expected to 
be upon the model of the British system, and that the substantiate of civil 
and religious liberty and the institutions for their maintenance and defense 
were already the possession of the people of England and the birthright of 
the colonists. But this consideration does not much disparage the respon- 
sibility assumed in discarding the correlative parts of the British Constitu- 
tion. I mean the Established Church and throne ; the permanent power 
of a hereditary peerage; the confinement of popular representation to the 
wealthy and educated classes ; and the ideas of all participation by the 
people in their own government coming by gracious concession from the 
royal prerogative and not by inherent right in themselves. Indeed, the 
counter-consideration, so far as the question was to be solved by experience, 
would be a ready one. The foundation, and the walls, and the roof of this 
firm and noble edifice, it would be said, are all fitly framed together in the 
substantial institutions you propose to omit from your plan and model. 
The convenience and safety and freedom, the pride and happiness which 
the inmates of this temple and fortress enjoy, as the rights and liberties of 
Englishmen, are only kept in place and play because of the firm structure 
of these ancient strongholds of religion and law, which you now desert and 
refuse to build anew. 

Our fathers had formed their opinions upon wiser and deeper views of 
man and Providence than these, and they had the courage of their opinions. 

Tracing the progress of mankind in the ascending path of civilization, 
enlightenment, and moral and intellectual culture, they found that the 
Divine ordinance of government, in every stage of the ascent, was adjust- 
able on principles of common reason to the actual condition of a people, 
and always had for its objects, in the benevolent counsels of the Divine 
wisdom, the happiness, the expansion, the security, the elevation of society, 
and the redemption of man. They sought in vain for any title of authority 
of man over man, except of superior capacity and higher morality. They 
found the origin of castes and ranks, and principalities and powers, tem- 
poral or spiritual, in this conception. They recognized the people as the 
structure, the temple, the fortress, which the great Artificer all the while 
cared for and built up. As through the long march of time this work 
advanced, the forms and fashions of government seemed to them to be but 
the scaffolding and apparatus by which the development of a people's great- 
ness was shaped and sustained. Satisfied that the people whose institutions 
were now to be projected had reached all that measure of strength and fit- 
ness of preparation for self-government which old institutions could give, 
they fearlessly seized the happy opportunity to clothe the people with the 
majestic attributes of their own sovereignty, and consecrate them to the 
administration of their own priesthood. 



6 2 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial The repudiation by England of the spiritual power of Rome at the time 

Ceremonies, f j-j-^ Reformation was by every estimate a stupendous innovation in the 

July 4, 1876. J J r 

rooted allegiance of the people, a profound disturbance of all adjustments 
of authority. But Henry VIII. , when he displaced the dominion of the 
Pope, proclaimed himself the head of the Church. The overthrow of the 
ancient monarchy of France by the fierce triumph of an enraged people was 
a catastrophe that shook the arrangements of society from centre to circum- 
ference. But Napoleon, when he pushed aside the royal line of St. Louis, 
announced, "I am the people crowned," and set up a plebeian emperor as 
the impersonation and depositary in him and his line forever of the people's 
sovereignty. The founders of our Commonwealth conceived that the people 
of these colonies needed no interception of the supreme control of their own 
affairs, no conciliations of mere names and images of power from which the 
pith and vigor of authority had departed. They, therefore, did not hesi- 
tate to throw down the partitions of power and right and break up the 
distributive shares in authority of ranks and orders of men which, indeed, 
had ruled and advanced the development of society in civil and religious 
liberty, but might well be neglected when the protected growth was assured, 
and all tutelary supervision, for this reason, henceforth could only be ob- 
structive and incongruous. 

A glance at the fate of the English essay at a commonwealth, which 
preceded, and to the French experiment at a republic, which followed our 
own institution "of a new State of a new species," will show the marvelous 
wisdom of our ancestors, which struck the line between too little and too 
much; which walked by faith indeed for things invisible, but yet by sight 
for things visible ; which dared to appropriate everything to the people 
which had belonged to Caesar, but to assume for mortals nothing that 
belonged to God. 

No doubt it was a deliberation of prodigious difficulty, and a decision of 
infinite moment, which should settle the new institutions of England after 
the execution of the King, and determine whether they should be popular 
or monarchical. The problem was too vast for Cromwell and the great 
men who stood about him, and, halting between the only possible opinions, 
they simply robbed the throne of stability, without giving to the people the 
choice of their rulers. Had Cromwell assumed the state and style of King, 
and assigned the constitutional limits of prerogative, the statesmen of 
England would have anticipated the establishment of 16S8, and saved the 
disgraces of the intervening record. If, on the other hand, the ever-recur- 
ring consent of the people in vesting the chief magistracy had been accepted 
for the Constitution of the State, the revolution would have been intelli- 
gible, and might have proved permanent. But what a "Lord Protector*' 
was nobody knew, and what he might grow to be everybody wondered and 
feared. The aristocracy could endure no dignity above them less than a 
king's. The people knew the measure and the title of the chartered liber- 
ties which had been wrested or yielded from the King's prerogative; but 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



63 



what the division between them and a Lord Protector would be no one Centennial 
could forecast. A brief fluttering between the firmament above and the Certmon,es > 

. July 4, 1876 

firm earth beneath, with no poise with either, and the discordant scheme 
was rolled away as a scroll. A hundred years' afterward Montesquieu de- 
rided "this impotent effort of the English to establish a democracy," and 
divined the true cause of its failure. The supreme place, no longer sacred 
by the divinity that doth hedge about a king, irritated the ambitions to 
which it was inaccessible, except by faction and violence. "The Govern- 
ment was incessantly changed, and the astonished people sought for democ- 
racy and found it nowhere. After much violence and many shocks and 
blows, they were fain to fall back upon the same government they had 
overthrown." 

The English experiment to make a commonwealth without sinking its 
foundations into the firm bed of popular sovereignty, necessarily foiled. 
Its example and its lesson, unquestionably, were of the greatest service in 
sobering the spirit of English reform in government, to the solid establish- 
ment of constitutional monarchy, on the expulsion of the Stuarts, and in 
giving courage to the statesmen of the American Revolution to push on to 
the solid establishment of republican government, with the consent of the 
people as its every-day working force. 

But if the English experiment stumbled in its logic by not going far 
enough, the French philosophers came to greater disaster by overpassing 
the lines which mark the limits of human authority and human liberty, 
when they undertook to redress the disordered balance between people and 
rulers, and renovate the Government of France. To the wrath of the 
people against kings and priests they gave free course, not only to the 
overthrow of the establishment of the Church and State, but to the destruc- 
tion of religion and society. They deified man, and thought to raise a 
tower of man's building, as of old on the plain of Shinar, which should 
overtop the battlements of heaven, and to frame a constitution of human 
affairs that should displace the providence of God. A confusion of tongues 
put an end to this ambition. And now out of all its evils have come the 
salutary checks and discipline in freedom which have brought passionate 
and fervid France to the scheme and frame of a sober and firm republic 
like our own, and, we may hope, as durable. 

How much, then, hung upon the decision of the great day we celebrate, 
and upon the wisdom and the will of the men who fixed the immediate, 
and if so, the present fortunes of this people. If the body, the spirit, the 
texture of our political life had not been collectively declared on this day, 
who can be bold enough to say when and how independence, liberty, union 
would have been combined, confirmed, assured to this people? Behold, 
now, the greatness of our debt to this ancestry, and the fountain, as from 
a rock smitten in the wilderness, from which the stream of this nation's 
growth and power takes its source. For it is not alone in the memory of 
their wisdom and virtues that the founders of a State transmit and perpetu- 



64 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial ate their influences in its lasting fortunes, and shape the character and pur- 
Cereraomes, p 0ses Q f its future rulers. "In the birth of societies," says Montesquieu, 
"it is the chiefs of a State that make its institutions; and afterward it is ♦ 
these institutions that form the chiefs of the State." 

And what was this people, and what their traits and training that could, 
justify this congress of their great men in promulgating the profound views 
of government and human nature which the Declaration embodies and 
expecting their acceptance as "self-evident"? How had their lives been 
disciplined and how their spirits prepared that the new-launched ship, . 
freighted with all their fortunes, could be trusted to their guidance with no 
other chart or compass than these abstract- truths? What warrant was*" 
there for the confidence that upon these plain precepts of equality of right, 
community of interest, reciprocity of duty, a polity could be framed which 
might safely discard Egyptian mystery, and Hebrew reverence, and Grecian 
subtlety, and Roman strength, — dispense, even, with Jmglish traditions of 

" Primogenity and due of birth, 

Prerogative of age, crowns, sceptres, laurels." t- 

To these questions the answer was ready and sufficient. The delegates 
to this immortal assembly, speaking for the whole country and for the 
respective colonies, their constituents, might well say: 

" What we are, such are this people. We are not here as volunteers, 
but as their representatives. We have been designated by no previous of- 
ficial station, taken from no one employment or condition of life, but chosen 
from the people at large because they cannot assemble in person, and se- 
lected beqause they know our sentiments, and we theirs, on the momentous 
question which our deliberations are to decide. They know that the result 
of all hangs on the intelligence, the courage, the constancy, the spirit of 
the people themselves. If these have risen to a height, ancl grown to a 
strength and unanimity that our judgment measures as adequate to the 
struggle for independence and the whole sum of their liberties, they will 
accept that issue and follow that lead. They have taken up arms to 
maintain their rights, and will not lay them down till those rights are 
assured. What the nature and sanctions of this security are to be they 
understand must be determined by united counsels and concerted action. 
These they have deputed us to settle and proclaim, and this we have done 
to-day. What we have declared, the people will avow and confirm. 
Henceforth it is to this people a war for the defense of their united inde- 
pendence against its overthrow by foreign arms. Of that war there can be 
but one issue. And for the rest, as to the Constitution of the new State, 
its species is disclosed by its existence. The condition of the people is 
equal, they have the habits of freemen and possess the institutions of 
liberty. When the political connection with the parent State is dissolved 
they will be self-governing and self-governed of necessity. As all govern- 
ments in this world, good and bad, liberal or despotic, are of men, by men, 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



65 



and for men. this new State, having no castes or,ranks, or degrees discrimi- Centennial 
nating among men in its population, becomes at once a government of the Ceremonies < 

& & July i. 1876. 

people, by the people, and for the people. So it must remain, unless foreign 
conquest or domestic usurpation shall change it. Whether it shall be a just, 
wise, or prosperous government, it must be a popular government, and 
correspond with the wisdom, justice, and fortunes of the people." 

,And so this people, of various roots and kindred of the Old World — 
settled and transfused in their cisatlantic home into harmonious fellowship 
in the sentiments, the interests, the habits, the affections which develop and 
sustain a love of country — were committed to the common fortunes which 
should attend an absolute trust in the primary relations between man and 
his fellows and between man and his Maker. This Northern Continent of 
America had been opened and prepared for the transplantation of the full- 
grown manhood of the highest civilization of the Old World to a place 
where it could be free from mixture or collision with competing or hostile 
elements, and separated from the weakness and the burdens which it would 
leave behind. The impulses and attractions which moved the emigration 
and directed it hither, various in form, yet had so much a common char- 
acter as to merit the description of being public, elevated, moral, or re- 
ligious. They included the desire of new and better opportunities for 
institutions consonant with the dignity of human nature and with the 
immortal and infinite relations of the race. In the language of the times, 
the search for civil and religious liberty animated the Pilgrims, the Puritans, 
and th^ Churchmen ; the Presbyterians, the Catholics, and the Quakers ; 
the Huguenots, the Dutch, and the Walloons ; the Waldenses, the 
Germans, and the Swedes, in their several migrations which made up the 
colonial population. Their experience and fortunes here had done nothing 
to reduce, everything to confirm, the views and traits which brought them 
hither. To sever all political relations, then, with Europe, seemed to these 
people but the realization of the purposes which had led them across the 
ocean, — but the one thing needful to complete this continent for their home, 
and to give the absolute assurance of that higher life which they wished tc 
lead. The preparation of the past and the enthusiasms of the future con- 
spired to favor the project of self-government and invest it with a moral 
grandeur which furnished the best omens and the best guarantees for its 
prosperity. Instead of a capricious and giddy exaltation of spirit, as at 
new-gained liberty, a sober and solemn sense of the larger trust and duty 
took possession of their souls ; as if the Great Master had found them 
faithful over a few things, and had now made them rulers over many. 

These feelings, common to the whole population, were not of sudden 
origin and were not romantic, nor had they any tendency to evaporate in 
noisy boasts or to run wild in air-drawn projects. The difference between 
equality and privilege, between civil rights and capricious favors, between 
freedom of conscience and persecution for conscience' sake, were not 
matters of moot debate or abstract conviction with our countrymen. The 

9 



66 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial story of these battles of our race was the warm and living memory of their 
Ceremonies, forefathers' share in them, for which, "to avoid insufferable grievances at 

July 4, 1876. ° 

home, they had been enforced by heaps to leave their native countries." 
They proposed to settle forever the question whether such grievances should 
possibly befall them or their posterity. They knew no plan so simple, so 
comprehensive, or so sure to this end as to solve all the minor difficulties 
in the government of society by a radical basis for its source, a common 
field for its operation, and an authentic and deliberate method for consult- 
ing and enforcing the will of the people as the sole authority of the State. 
By this wisdom they at least would shift, within the sphere of govern- 
ment, the continuous warfare of human nature, on the field of good and 
evil, right and wrong, 

" Between whose endless jar justice resides," 

from conflicts of the strength of the many against the craft of the few. 
They would gain the advantage of supplying as the reason of the State, 
the reason of the people, and decide by the moral and intellectual in- 
fluences of instruction and persuasion, the issue of who should make and 
who administer the laws. This involved no pretensions of the perfection 
of human nature, nor did it assume that at other times, or under other 
circumstances, they would themselves have been capable of self-govern- 
ment ; or, that other people then were, or ever would be,, so capable. 
Their knowledge of mankind showed them that there would be faults and 
crimes as long as there were men. Their faith taught them that this cor- 
ruptible would put on incorruption only when this mortal should put on 
immortality. Nevertheless, they believed in man and trusted in God, and 
on these imperishable supports they thought they might rest civil govern- 
ment for a people who had these living conceptions wrought into their own 
characters and lives. 

The past and the present are the only means by which man foresees or 
shapes the future. Upon the evidence of the past, the contemplation of 
the present of this people, our statesmen were willing to commence a 
system which must continually draw, for its sustenance and growth, upon 
the virtue and vigor of the people. From this virtue and this vigor it can 
alone be nourished; it must decline in their decline and rot in their decay. 
They traced this vigor and virtue to inexhaustible springs. And, as the 
unspent heat of a lava soil, quickened by the returning summers, through 
the vintages of a thousand years, will still glow in the grape and sparkle in 
the wine, so will the exuberant forces of a race supply an unstinted vigor to 
mark the virtues of immense populations and to the remotest generations. 

To the frivolous philosophy of human life which makes all the world a 
puppet-show, and history a book of anecdotes, the moral warfare which 
fills up the life of man and the record of his race seems as unreal and as 
aimless as the conflicts of the glittering hosts upon an airy field, whose 
display lights up the fleeting splendors of a northern night. But free 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



67 



government for a great people never comes from or gets aid from such Centennial 
philosophers. To a true spiritual discernment there are few things more 1^™°"^' 
real, few things more substantial, few things more likely to endure in this 
world, than human thoughts, human passions, human interests, thus molten 
into the frame and model of our State. " O, inorem prczclaram, disciplin- 
amque, quam a majoribus accepimus, si quidem teneremus /' ' 

1 have made no account, as unsuitable to the occasion, of the distribution 
of the national power between the General and the State governments, or 
of the special arrangements of executive authority, of legislatures, courts, 
and magistracies, whether of the General or of the State establishments. 
Collectively they form the body and the frame of a complete government 
for a great, opulent, and powerful people, occupying vast regions, and em- 
bracing in their possessions a wide range of diversity of climate, of soil, and 
of all the circumstantial influences of external nature. I have pointed your 
attention to the principle and the spirit of the government for which all this 
frame and body exists, to which they are subservient, and to whose mastery 
they must conform. The life of the natural body is the blood, and the 
circulation of the moral and intellectual forces and impulses of the body 
politic shapes and moulds the national life. I have touched, therefore, upon 
the traits that determined this national life, as to be of, from, and for the 
people, and not of, from, or for any rank, grade, part, or section of them. 
In these traits are found the "ordinances, constitutions, and customs," by 
a wise choice of which the founders of States may, Lord Bacon says, "sow 
greatness to their posterity and succession." 

And now, after a century of growth, of trial, of experience, of observa- 
tion, and of demonstration, we are met, on the spot and on the date of the 
great Declaration, to compare our age with that of our fathers, our structure 
with their foundation, our intervening history and present condition with 
their faith and prophecy. That "respect to the opinion of mankind," in 
attention to which our statesmen framed the Declaration of Independence, 
we, too, acknowledge as a sentiment most fit to influence us in our com- 
memorative gratulations to-day. 

To this opinion of mankind, then, how shall we answer the questioning 
of this day? How have the vigor and success of the century's warfare 
comported with the sounding phrase of the great manifesto? Has the new 
nation been able to hold its territory on the eastern rim of the continent, 
or has covetous Europe driven in its boundaries, or internal dissensions 
dismembered its integrity? Have its numbers kept pace with natural in- 
crease, or have the mother-countries received back to the shelter of firmer 
institutions the repentant tide of emigration? or have the woes of unstable 
society distressed and reduced the shrunken population ? Has the free 
suffrage, as a quicksand, loosened the foundations of power and undermined 
the pillars of the State? Has the free press, with illimitable sweep, blown 
down the props and buttresses of order and authority in government, driven ■ 
before its wind the barriers which fence in society, and unroofed the homes 



68 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial which once were castles against the intrusion of a King? Has freedom in 
,^ emo1 ^ religion ended in freedom from religion? and independence bylaw run 
into independence of law? Have free schools, by too much learning, made 
the people mad? Have manners declined, letters languished, art faded, 
wealth decayed, public spirit withered ? Have other nations shunned the 
evil example, and held aloof from its infection? Or have reflection and 
hard fortune dispelled the illusion under which this people " burned incense 
to vanity, and stumbled in their ways from the ancient paths" ? Have they, 
fleeing from the double destruction which attends folly and arrogance, re- 
stored the throne, rebuilt the altar, relaid the foundations of society, and 
again taken shelter in the old protections against the perils, shocks, and 
changes in human affairs, which 

" Divert and crack, rend and deracinate 
The unity and married calm of States 
Quite from their fixture ?" 

Who can recount in an hour what has been done in a century on so wide 
a field and in all its multitudinous aspects? Yet I may not avoid insisting 
upon some decisive lineaments of the material, social, and political devel- 
opment of our country which the record of the hundred years displays, and 
thus present to " the opinion of mankind," for its generous judgment, our 
nation as it is to-day, — our land, our people, and our laws. 

And, first, we notice the wide territory to which we have steadily pushed 
on our limits. Lines of climate mark our boundaries north and south, and 
two oceans east and west. The space between, speaking by and large, 
covers the whole temperate zone of the continent, and in area measures 
near tenfold the possessions of the thirteen colonies; the natural features, 
the climate, the productions, the influences of the outward world, are all 
implied in the immensity of this domain, for they embrace all that the 
goodness and the power of God have planned for so large a share of the 
habitable globe. The steps of the successive acquisitions, the impulses 
which assisted, and the motives which retarded the expansion of our terri- 
tory ; the play of the competing elements in our civilization and their in- 
cessant struggle each to outrun the other ; the irrepressible conflict thus 
nursed in the bosom of the State; the lesson in humility and patience, " in 
charity for all and malice toward none," which the study of the manifest 
designs of Providence so plainly teach us, — these may well detain us for a 
moment's illustration. 

And this calls attention to that ingredient in the population of this 
country which came, not from the culminated pride of Europe, but from 
the abject despondency of Africa. A race discriminated from all the con- 
verging streams of immigration which I have named by ineffaceable distinc- 
tions of nature; which was brought hither by a forced migration and into 
slavery, while all others came by choice and for greater liberty ; a race un- 
represented in the Congress which issued the Declaration of Independence, 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT 5 g 

but now, in the persons of four million of our countrymen raised, by the Centennial 
power of the great truths then declared, as it were from the dead, and (^monies, 
rejoicing in one country and the same constituted liberties with ourselves. uy4 ' x 

In August, 1620, a Dutch slave-ship landed her freight in Virginia, com- 
pleting her voyage soon after that of the " Mayflower" commenced. Both 
ships were on the ocean at the same time, both sought our shores, and 
planted their seeds of liberty and slavery to grow together on this chosen 
field until the harvest. Until the separation from England the several 
colonies attracted each their own emigration, and from the sparseness of 
the population, both in the Northern and Southern colonies, and the policy 
of England in introducing African slavery, wherever it might, in all of 
them, the institution of slavery did not raise a definite and firm line of di- 
vision between the tides of population which set in upon New England and 
Virginia from the Old World, and from them later, as from new points of 
departure, were diffused over the continent. The material interests of 
slavery had not become very strong, and in its moral aspects no sharp 
division of sentiment had yet shown itself. But when unity and independ- 
ence of government were accepted by the colonies, we shall look in vain 
for any adequate barrier against the natural attraction of the softer climate 
and rich productions of the South, which could keep the Northern popula- 
tion in their harder climate and on their less grateful soil, except the repug- 
nancy of the two systems of free and slave labor to commixture. Out of 
this grew the impatient, and apparently premature, invasion of the Western 
wilds, pushing constantly onward, in parallel lines, the outposts of the two 
rival interests. What greater enterprise did for the Northern people in 
stimulating this movement was more than supplied to the Southern by the 
pressing necessity for new lands, which the requirements of the system of 
slave cultivation imposed. Under the operation of these causes the polit- 
ical divisions of the country built up a wall of partition running east and 
west, with the novel consequences of the ''Border States" of the country 
being ranged, not on our foreign boundaries, but on this middle line, drawn 
between the free and slave States. The successive acquisitions of terri- 
tory by the Louisiana purchase, by the annexation of Texas, and by the 
treaty with Mexico, were all in the interest of the Southern policy, and, as 
such, all suspected or resisted by the rival interest in the North. On the 
other hand, all schemes or tendencies toward the enlargement of our terri- 
tory on the north were discouraged and defeated by the South. At length, 
with the immense influx of foreign immigration, reinforcing the flow of 
population, the streams of free labor shot across the continent. The end 
was reached. The bounds of our habitation were secured. The Pacific 
possessions became ours, and the discovered gold rapidly peopled them 
from the hives of free labor. The rival energies and ambitions which had 
fed the thirst for territory had served their purpose in completing and assur- 
ing the domain of the nation. The partition-wall of slavery was thrown 
down ; the line of Border States obliterated ; those who had battled for 



j INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial territory, as an extension and perpetuation of slavery, and those who fought 
Ceremonies a g a j ns t its enlargement, as a disparagement and a danger to liberty, were 
alike confounded. 

Those who feared undue and precipitate expansion of our possessions, as 
loosening the ties of union, and those who desired it, as a step toward 
dissolution, have suffered a common discomfiture. The immense social 
and political forces which the existence of slavery in this country, and the 
invincible repugnance to it of the vital principles of our State, together, 
generated, have had their play upon the passions and the interests of this 
people, have formed the basis of parties, divided sects, agitated and invig- 
orated the popular mind, inspired the eloquence, inflamed the zeal, informed 
the understandings, and fired the hearts of three generations. At last the 
dread debate escaped all bounds of reason, and the nation in arms solved, 
by the appeal of war, what was too hard for civil wisdom. With our terri- 
tory unmutilated, our Constitution uncorrupted, a united people, in the 
last years of the century, crowns with new glory the immortal truths of the 
Declaration of Independence by the emancipation of a race. 

I find, then, in the method and the results of the century's progress of 
the nation in this amplification of its domain, sure promise of the duration 
of the body politic, whose growth to these vast proportions has, as yet, but 
laid out the ground-plan of the structure. For I find the vital forces of the 
free society and the people's government, here founded, have by their own 
vigor made this a natural growth. Strength and symmetry have knit to- 
gether the great frame as its bulk increased, and the spirit of the nation 
animates the whole : 

" totamque, infusa per artus, 

Mens agitat molem, et magno se corpore miscet." 

We turn now from the survey of this vast territory, which the closing 
century has consolidated and confirmed as the ample home for a nation, to 
exhibit the greatness in numbers, the spirit, the character, the port and mien 
of the people that dwell in this secure habitation. That in these years our 
population has steadily advanced, till it counts forty millions, instead of 
three millions, bears witness, not to be disparaged or gainsaid, to the general 
congruity of our social and civil institutions with the happiness and pros- 
perity of man. But if we consider further the variety and magnitude of 
foreign elements to which we have been hospitable, and their ready fusion 
with the earlier stocks, we have new evidence of strength and vivid force 
in our population, which we may not refuse to admire. The disposition 
and capacity thus shown give warrant of a powerful society. ''All nations," 
says Lord Bacon, " that are liberal of naturalization are fit for empire." 

Wealth in its mass, and still more in its tenure and diffusion, is a measure 
of the condition of a people which touches both its energy and morality. 
Wealth has no source but labor. "Life has given nothing valuable to man 
without great labor." This is as true now as when Horace wrote it. The 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. y X 

prodigious growth of wealth in this country is not only, therefore, a signal Centennial 

Ceremonie 
July 4, 1876. 



mark of prosperity, but proves industry, persistency, thrift as the habits of c 



the people. Accumulation of wealth, too, requires and imports security, 
as well as unfettered activity ; and thus it is a fair criterion of sobriety and 
justice in a people, certainly, when the laws and their execution rest wholly 
in their hands. A careless observation of the crimes and frauds which 
attack property, in the actual condition of our society, and the imperfec- 
tion of our means for their prevention and redress, leads sometimes to an 
unfavorable comparison between the present and the past in this country, 
as respects the probity of the people. No doubt covetousness has not 
ceased in the world, and thieves still break through and steal. But the 
better test upon this point is the vast profusion of our wealth and the 
infinite trust shown by the manner in which it is invested. It is not too 
much to say that in our times, and conspicuously in our country, a large 
share of every man's property is in other men's keeping and management, 
un watched and beyond personal control. This confidence of man in mar- 
is ever increasing, measured by our practical conduct, and refutes these 
disparagements of the general morality. 

Knowledge, intellectual activity, the mastery of nature, the discipline of 
life — all that makes up the education of a people — are developed and dif- 
fused through the masses of our population, in so ample and generous a 
distribution as to make this the conspicuous trait in our national character, 
as the faithful provision and extension of the means and opportunities of 
this education are the cherished institution of the country. Learning, 
literature, science, art, are cultivated, in their widest range and highest 
reach, by a larger and larger number of our people, not, to their praise be 
it said, as a personal distinction or a selfish possession, but, mainly, as 
a generous leaven, to quicken and expand the healthful fermentation of 
the general mind, and lift the level of popular instruction. So far from 
breeding a distempered spirit in the people, this becomes the main prop of 
authority, the great instinct of obedience. "It is by education," says 
Aristotle, "I have learned to do by choice what other men do by constraint 
of fear." 

The "breed and disposition" of a people, in regard of courage, public 
spirit, and patriotism, are, however, the test of the working of their insti- 
tutions, which the world most values, and upon which the public safety 
most depends. It has been made a reproach of democratic arrangements 
of society and government that the sentiment of honor, and of pride in 
public duty, decayed in them. It has been professed that the fluctuating 
currents and the trivial perturbations of their public life discouraged strenu- 
ous endeavor and lasting devotion in the public service. It has been 
charged that, as a consequence, the distinct service of the State suffered, 
office and magistracy were belittled, social sympathies cooled, love of 
country drooped, and selfish affections absorbed the powers of the citizens, 
and ate into the heart of the commonwealth. 



j 2 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial The experience of our country rejects these speculations as misplaced 

Ceremonies, anc [ t h ese f ears as illusory. They belong to a condition of society above 
which we have long since been lifted, and toward which the very scheme 
of our national life prohibits a decline. They are drawn from the examples 
of history, which lodged power formally in the people, but left them igno- 
rant and abject, unfurnished with the means of exercising it in their own 
right and for their own benefit. In a democracy wielded by the arts, and 
to the ends of a patrician class, the less worthy members of that class, no 
doubt, throve by the disdain which noble characters must always feel for 
methods of deception and insincerity, and crowded them from the authentic 
service of the State. But, through the period whose years we count to-day, 
the greatest lesson of all is the preponderance of public over private, of 
social over selfish, tendencies and purposes in the whole body of the people, 
and the persistent fidelity to the genius and spirit of popular institutions, 
of the educated classes, the liberal professions, and the great men of the 
country. These qualities transfuse and blend the hues and virtues of the 
manifold rays of advanced civilization into a sunlight of public spirit and 
fervid patriotism, which warms and irradiates the life of the nation. Excess 
of publicity as the animating spirit and stimulus of society more probably 
than its lack will excite our solicitudes in the future. Even the public 
discontents take on this color, and the mind and heart of the whole people 
ache with anxieties and throb with griefs which have no meaner scope than 
the honor and the safety of the nation. 

Our estimate of the condition of this people at the close of the century — 
as bearing on the value and efficiency of the principles on which the gov- 
ernment was founded, in maintaining and securing the permanent well-being 
of a nation — would, indeed, be incomplete if we failed to measure the 
power and purity of the religious elements which pervade and elevate our 
society. One might as well expect our land to keep its climate, its fertility, 
its salubrity, and its beauty were the globe loosened from the law which 
holds it in an orbit, where we feel the tempered radiance of the sun, as to 
count upon the preservation of the delights and glories of liberty for a 
people cast loose from religion, whereby man is bound in harmony with 
the moral government of the world. 

It is quite certain that the present day shows no such solemn absorption 
in the exalted themes of contemplative piety as marked the prevalent 
thought of the people a hundred years ago; nor so hopeful an enthusiasm 
for the speedy renovation of the world as burst upon us in the marvelous 
and wide system of vehement religious zeal, and practical good works, in 
the early part of the nineteenth century. But these fires are less splendid 
only because they are more potent, and diffuse their heat in well-formed 
habits and manifold agencies of beneficent activity. They traverse and 
permeate society in every direction. They travel with the outposts of 
civilization and outrun the caucus, the convention, and the suffrage. 

The Church, throughout this land, upheld by no political establishment, 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



73 



July 4 , x8 7 5. 



rests all the firmer on the rock on which its founder built it. The 

mass of our countrymen to-day find in the Bible — the Bible in their worship, Cerem o ni ^- 

the Bible in their schools, the Bible in their households — the sufficient 

lessons of the fear of God and the love of man, which make them obedient 

servants to the free Constitution of their country, in all civil duties, and 

ready with their lives to sustain it on the fields of war. And now at the 

end of a hundred years the Christian faith collects its worshipers throughout 

our land, as at the beginning. What, half a century ago, was hopefully 

prophesied for our far future, goes on to its fulfillment : "As the sun rises 

on a Sabbath morning and travels westward from Newfoundland to the 

Oregon, he will behold the countless millions assembling, as if by a common 

impulse, in the temples with which every valley, mountain, and plain will 

be adorned. The morning psalm and the evening anthem will commence 

with the multitudes on the Atlantic coast, be sustained by the loud chorus 

of ten thousand times ten thousand in the Valley of the Mississippi, and 

be prolonged by the thousands of thousands on the shores of the Pacific." 

What remains but to search the spirit of the laws of the land as framed 
by and modeled to the popular government to which our fortunes were 
committed by the Declaration of Independence? I do not mean to ex- 
amine the particular legislation, State or general, by which the affairs of 
the people have been managed, sometimes wisely and well, at others feebly 
and ill, nor even the fundamental arrangement of political authority, or 
the critical treatment of great junctures in our policy and history. The 
hour and the occasion concur to preclude so intimate an inquiry. The 
chief concern in this regard, to us and to the rest of the world, is whether 
the proud trust, the profound radicalism, the wide benevolence which spoke 
in the " Declaration," and were infused into the " Constitution," at the first, 
have been in good faith adhered to by the people, and whether now these 
principles supply the living forces which sustain and direct government and 
society. 

He who doubts needs but to look around to find all things full of the 
original spirit and testifying to its wisdom and strength. We have taken 
no steps backward, nor have we needed to seek other paths in our progress 
than those in which our feet were planted at the beginning. Weighty and 
manifold have been our obligations to the great nations of the earth, to 
their scholars, their philosophers, their men of genius and of science; to 
their skill, their taste, their invention ; to their wealth, their arts, their 
industry. But in the institutions and methods of government ; in civil 
prudence, courage, or policy; in statesmanship; in the art of " making of 
a small town a great city" ; in the adjustment of authority to liberty; in 
the concurrence of reason and strength in peace, of force and obedience 
in war, we have found nothing to recall us from the course of our fathers, 
nothing to add to our safety or to aid our progress in it. So far from this, 
all modifications of European politics accept the popular principles of our 
system, and tend to our model. The movements toward equality of repre- 

10 



j a INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1S76. 

Centennial sentation, enlargement of the suffrage, and public education in England; 
Ceremonies t j ie res t ration of unity in Italy: the confederation of Germany under the 

July 4, 1876. . . 

lead of Prussia ; the actual Republic in France ; the unsteady throne of 
Spain; the new liberties of Hungary; the constant gain to the people's 
share in government throughout Europe, all tend one way, the way pointed 
out in the Declaration of our Independence. 

The care and zeal with which our people cherish and invigorate the 
primary supports and defenses of their own sovereignty have all the un- 
swerving force and confidence of instincts. The community and publicity 
of education, at the charge and as an institution of the State, is firmly 
imbedded in the wants and the desires of the people. Common schools 
are rapidly extending through the only part of the country which had been 
shut against them, and follow close upon the footsteps of its new liberty to 
enlighten the enfranchised race. Freedom of conscience easily stamps out 
the first sparkles of persecution, and snaps as green withes the first bonds 
of spiritual domination. The sacred oracles of their religion the people 
wisely hold in their own keeping as the keys of religious liberty, and re- 
fuse to be beguiled by the voice of the wisest charmer into loosing their 
grasp. 

Freedom from military power and the maintenance of that arm of the 
Government in the people ; a trust in their own adequacy. as soldiers, when 
their duty as citizens should need to take on that form of. service to the 
State ; these have gained new force by the experience of foreign and civil 
war, and a standing army is a remoter possibility for this nation, in its 
present or prospective greatness, than in the days of its small beginnings. 

But in the freedom of the press, and the universality of the suffrage, as 
maintained and exercised to-day throughout the length and breadth of the 
land, we find the most conspicuous and decisive evidence of the unspent 
force of the institutions of liberty and the jealous guard of its principal 
defenses. These indeed are the great agencies and engines of the people's 
sovereignty. They hold the same relations to the vast democracy of 
modern society that the persuasions of the orators and the personal voices 
of the assembly did in the narrow confines of the Grecian States. The 
laws, the customs, the impulses and sentiments of the people have given 
wider and wider range and license to the agitations of the press, multiplied 
and more frequent occasions for the exercise of the suffrage, larger and 
larger communication of its franchise. The progress of a hundred years 
finds these prodigious activities in the fullest play, — incessant and all- 
powerful, — indispensable in the habits of the people, and impregnable in 
their affections. Their public service, and their subordination to the pub- 
lic safety, stand in their play upon one another and in their freedom thus 
maintained. Neither could long exist in true vigor in our system without 
the other. Without the watchful, omnipresent, and indomitable energy of 
the press, the suffrage would languish, would be subjugated by the corporate 
power of the legions of placemen which the administration of the affairs of 



.REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



75 



a great nation imposes upon it, and fall a prey to that "vast patronage Centennial 
which," we are told, "distracted, corrupted, and finally subverted the Ceremonies > 

. July 4, 1876. 

Roman Republic." On the other hand, if the impressions of the press 
upon the opinions and passions of the people found no settled and ready 
mode of their working out, through the frequent and peaceful suffrage, the 
people would be driven, to satisfy their displeasure at government or their 
love of change, to the coarse methods of barricades and batteries. 

We cannot then hesitate to declare that the original principles of equal 
society and popular government still inspire the laws, live in the habits 
of the people, and animate their purposes and their hopes. These prin- 
ciples have not lost their spring or elasticity. They have sufficed for all the 
methods of government in the past; we feel no fear for their adequacy in 
the future. Released now from the tasks and burdens of the formative 
period, these principles and methods can be directed with undivided force 
to the every-day conduct of government, to the staple and steady virtues 
of administration. The feebleness of crowding the statute-books with un- 
executed laws; the danger of power outgrowing or evading responsibility; 
the rashness and fickleness of temporary expedients ; the constant tendency 
by which parties decline into factions and end in conspiracies, all these 
mischiefs beset all governments, and are part of the life of each generation. 
To deal with these evils — the tasks and burdens of the immediate future — 
the nation needs no other resources than the principles and the examples 
which our past history supplies. These principles, these examples of our 
fathers, are the strength and the safety of our State to-day : " Moribus anti- 
quis, stat res Romana, virisque. ' ' 

Unity, liberty, power, prosperity, — these are our possessions to-day. 
Our territory is safe against foreign dangers ; its completeness dissuades 
from further ambitions to extend it, and its rounded symmetry discourages 
all attempts to dismember it. No division into greatly unequal parts would 
be tolerable to either. No imaginable union of interests or passions, large 
enough to include one-half the country, but must embrace much more. 
The madness of partition into numerous and feeble fragments could proceed 
only from the hopeless degradation of the people, and would form but an 
incident in general ruin. 

The spirit of the nation is at the highest, — its triumph over the inborn, 
inbred perils of the Constitution has chased away all fears, justified all 
hopes, and with universal joy we greet this day. We have not proved un- 
worthy of a great ancestry ; we have had the virtue to uphold what they so 
wisely, so firmly, established. With these proud possessions of the past, 
with powers matured, with principles settled, with habits formed, the nation 
passes as it were from preparatory growth to responsible development of 
character and the steady performance of duty. What labors await it, what 
trials shall attend it, what triumphs for human nature, what glory for itself, 
are prepared for this people in the coming century, we may not assume to 
foretell. "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh ; 



j6 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Centennial but the earth abideth forever," and we reverently hope that these our con- 
Ceremonies, s tituted liberties shall be maintained to the unending line of our posterity, 

Ju'y 4. 7876. . 

and so long as the earth itself shall endure. 

In the great procession of nations, in the great march of humanity, we 
hold our place. Peace is our duty, peace is our policy. In its arts, its labors, 
and its victories, then, we find scope for all our energies, rewards for all our 
ambitions, renown enough for all our love of fame. In the august presence 
of so many nations, which, by their representatives, have done us the honor 
to be witnesses of our commemorative joy and gratulation, and in sight of 
the collective evidences of the greatness of their own civilization with which 
they grace our celebration, we may well confess how much we fall short, 
how much we have to make up, in the emulative competitions of the times. 
Yet, even in this presence, and with a just deference to the age, the power, 
the greatness of the other nations of the earth, we do not fear to appeal to 
the opinion of mankind whether, as we point to our land, our people, and 
our laws, the contemplation should not inspire us with a lover's enthusiasm 
for our country. 

Time makes no pauses in his march. Even while I speak the last hour 
of the receding is replaced by the first hour of the coming century, and 
reverence for the past gives way to the joys and hopes, the activities and 
the responsibilities of the future. A hundred years hence the piety of that 
generation will recall the ancestral glory which we celebrate to-day, and 
crown it with the plaudits of a vast population which no man can number. 
By the mere circumstance of this periodicity our generation will be in the 
minds, in the hearts, on the lips of our countrymen at the next Centennial 
commemoration, in comparison with their own character and condition and 
with the great founders of the nation. What shall they say of us? How 
shall they estimate the part we bear in the unbroken line of the nation's 
progress? And so on, in the long reach of time, forever and forever, our 
place in the secular roll of the ages must always bring us into observation 
and criticism. Under this double trust, then, from the past and for the 
future, let us take heed to our ways, and, while it is called to-day, resolve 
that the great heritage we have received shall be handed down through the 
long line of the advancing generations, the home of liberty, the abode 
of justice, the stronghold of faith among men, " which holds the moral 
elements of the world together," and of faith in God, which binds that 
world to His throne. 

Upon the conclusion of the oration, the Hallelujah Chorus from 
Handel's Messiah was rendered by the orchestra and chorus. Then 
followed the Doxology, The One Hundredth Psalm, sung by all 
present; and with this the formal ceremonies were brought to a close. 



DISTRIBUTION OF AWARDS 



77 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF AWARDS 



TO 



EXHIBITORS. 

JUDGES' HALL, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 27. 



The exercises on this occasion were conducted in accordance with 

of Award.-. 



the following programme : 



MARCH— Centennial By the Orchestra, 

Carl Heineman, Conductor. 
ENTRANCE AND RECEPTION OF GUESTS. 

PRAYER Rev. Henry A. Boardman, D.D., of Philadelphia. 

MUSIC The Temple Quartette of Boston. 

Messrs. Fitz, Fessenden, Cook, and Ryder. 

ADDRESS U. S. Commissioner Daniel J. Morrell, Presiding. 

MUSIC — National Airs ....... Carl Heineman, Conductor. 

ADDRESS ....... U. S. Commissioner Alfred T. Goshorn, 

Director- General International Exhibition. i8j6. 

MUSIC . ' The Temple Quartette. 

PRESENTATION OF AWARDS TO COMMISSIONERS FROM FOREIGN 
COUNTRIES, AND TO DIRECTOR-GENERAL ALFRED T. GOSHORN 
FOR THE EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES. By Joseph R. Hawley, 
President United States Centennial Commission. 

MUSIC The Temple Quartette. 

PROMENADE First Brigade Band. 



U. S. Commissioner DANIEL J. MORRELL, Presiding. 
U. S. Commissioner JOHN McNEIL, Master of Ceremonies. 



COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. 

U. S. Commissioner THOMAS DONALDSON, Chairman. 

a S. Commissioner FRANKLIN C. JOHNSON. 

U. S. Commissioner J. F. BERNARD. 

79 



80 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Distribution The announcement of the awards to the exhibitors of the Interna- 
tional Exhibition of 1876 was made at the Judges' Hall, in the Exhi- 
bition grounds, on the evening of Wednesday, September 27, 1876. 

Before eight p.m. there had assembled in the Judges' Hall the 
Governor and State officers of Pennsylvania, with the Governors of 
other States and Territories ; the Mayor and other officers of the City 
of Philadelphia; the Chiefs of Bureaus in the International Exhibition, 
with their assistants; the members of the Boards of Centennial Man- 
agers representing the several States ; and other persons officially 
connected with the Exhibition, — many of them being accompanied 
by ladies. 

At eight o'clock the presiding officer of the ceremony, Mr,. Daniel 
J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Centennial 
Commission, was escorted to the chair. There were then introduced 
the guests and officials of the ceremony: the members of the United 
States Centennial Commission; the Centennial Board of Finance; 
the United States Government Board, led by Colonel S. C. Lyford, 
U.S.A.; the International Board of Judges, led by General Francis A. 
Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awards; the Foreign Commissioners, 
escorted by Mr. Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Interna- 
tional Exhibition ; and representatives of the National Government 
and the Diplomatic Corps, accompanied by General Joseph R. 
Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, and Mr. John 
Welsh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance. 

After an invocation by the Rev. Henry A. Boardman, D.D., of 
Philadelphia, the order of ceremonies, as announced in the pro- 
gramme, was proceeded with. 



ADDRESS 

BY DANIEL J. MORRELL. 

Ladies and Gentlemen: — The acts of Congress which provide for 
celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence, by 
holding an International Exhibition in the City of Philadelphia, in the year 
1876, have made it the duty of the United States Centennial Commission, 
created by these acts, to award all premiums to exhibitors. 

The Judges appointed by foreign Governments and by this Commission 
have closed their labors; their reports have been examined by the Chief 
of the Bureau of Awards and by the Commission, and, in so far as they 
have been found to be in conformity with the rules, and in proper form, 
they are approved, and you are invited to witness their publication as 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 8 1 

awards, which will hereafter be completed by the delivery of diplomas and Distribution 
medals. of Awards " 

In accordance with the rules of the Commission, these reports are based 
upon the inherent and comparative merit of the things exhibited, involving 
considerations of originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, 
workmanship, fitness for the purpose intended, adaptation to public wants, 
economy, and cost ; and they are attested by the signatures of their authors. 

Those who have won prizes in this contest, open to the world, are con- 
gratulated upon receiving, in these reports, a fitting testimonial of excel- 
lence ; yet those who have striven unsuccessfully will not be without their 
reward. While some individual exhibitors may have felt and manifested 
disappointment and jealousy, the competing countries have shown the most 
friendly and generous rivalry; in the school of the Exhibition their repre- 
sentatives have been quick to recognize their own defects and the merits of 
others, and have learned its best lesson, which may be tersely embodied in 
the maxim of the Grecian sage : " Know thyself." 

The awards here made recognize the achievements of labor in overcoming 
the resistance which nature everywhere opposes to the infinite wants of man, 
and will encourage it to further efforts in extending the kingdom of use. 
They testify to a universal acknowledgment of industry as the strength of 
nations, and will inspire in all countries a higher regard for the laborer, 
and a greater pride in the perfection of his work. 

It is the prayer of this Commission that the International Industrial 
Exhibition, which celebrates the hundredth anniversary of American Nation- 
ality, may mark the beginning of a new era of peace on earth, in which the 
nations, while communicating knowledge freely, will intelligently foster 
the labor of their people, and diligently strive to excel each other in all 
good works. 

By the authority of the Government of the United States of America, as 
expressed in the laws of the National Congress, the President of this Com- 
mission will deliver the awards to the Commissioners of foreign nations 
represented in the Exhibition, and to the Director-General for distribution 
to the exhibitors of the United States. 



ADDRESS 

BY ALFRED T. GOSHORN. 

Mr. President and Gentlemen: — The people of the United States of 
America are celebrating this year an event that marks a century of national 
life. It is an epoch in the history of the country, around which clusters 
the retrospect of years of anxiety and uncertainty, but of great energy and 
patriotism displayed in the ever-increasing unity and strength of the Fed- 
eral Government. The growth of the political institutions under which the 

ii 



82 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Distribution people have prospered, and the position the Government has attained in 
of Awards. t j ie estimation of the world, are subjects of sincere congratulation. What- 
ever have been the errors of the last hundred years, they have been more 
than counterpoised by the successes; and there remain to us the net gain 
of a continent newly populated, consolidated political institutions, great 
industries and great material wealth developed, and with them a steady 
progress in the education of the masses and improvement in the social and 
moral condition of the people. 

It seems appropriate and in every way becoming a youthful nation, so 
largely indebted in the past and dependent in the future on its great natural 
resources and the industry of its people, to commemorate the close of its 
first century and opening of the new one by inviting friendly nations to 
bring together for comparison and study their most advanced products. 
The courteous and flattering replies and valuable collections of products, 
in response to this national invitation, which have contributed so largely to 
this grand Exhibition, could not fail to awaken in us emotions of pride and 
gratitude. 

This Exhibition is not a mere competition of rival manufacturers and 
tradesmen. It brings together nationalities and leads to extended relations, 
— promotes the acquisition and diffusion of a better knowledge of natural 
resources and products and of national methods and industries. It creates 
and enlarges mutual respect and esteem, softens prejudices, and contributes 
to the preservation of harmony and peace, — the noblest aim of civilization. 
The benefits of this assembling of the representatives of every civilized 
country with their products will be better understood and more fully appre- 
ciated after the Exhibition itself has passed away. 

We are in the presence of the productions of science, art, invention, 
skill, and labor, fitted to improve the material and moral condition of 
man. We are at the same time in the presence of higher influences. The 
united attention and thought of many leading minds of the civilized world 
for the time being centre here, and by their representatives preside over 
this institution. Opinions of many and diverse minds, thus in contact, 
become by attrition and discussion more developed and perfected in them- 
selves, and in turn flow back through various channels to reanimate and 
quicken their origin. We learn here what science and art have done for 
the comfort and elevation of man, and are reminded that the discoveries 
and inventions during the era which this Exhibition commemorates are the 
most remarkable and useful recorded in history. 

I have no occasion to speak in great detail of the utility of Exhibitions. 
Nothing less than a lively and universal sense of their international and 
commercial benefits, and of their political, social, and educational effects, 
can account for the spontaneous co-operation of the active and leading 
minds of the world, and for the great and willing expenditures of time 
and money which they require. But I may be permitted to express my 
feelings in relation to another subject of vital importance to the success of 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



33 



this Exhibition. I allude to the national Commissioners appointed by the Distribution 
participating Governments to conduct their respective departments and to of Awards - 
co-operate with the Centennial Commission. 

No feature of this enterprise has produced a more profound impression 
than the individual character and qualifications of the gentlemen selected 
for these Commissions, who are intrusted with most delicate and difficult 
duties. In addition to the required knowledge and experience, they have 
displayed calm consideration and forbearance, vigilant attention, and the 
most friendly #nd lively zeal for the success of the work. 

It is therefore, gentlemen of the foreign Commissions, that I seize this 
opportunity for my associates and myself, and on behalf of the exhibitors 
from the United States, to express to you, with the warmest feelings, the 
high sense we entertain of your important services and the large degree in 
which we are indebted to you for the measure of success which has crowned 
our efforts. 

With equal earnestness and sincerity and pleasure I refer to the eminent 
body of men, both foreign and American, combining among them superior 
attainments in every department of human knowledge, selected to examine 
and express their opinions upon the qualities and merits of the products 
and subjects forming this Exhibition. 

The task imposed on them was in some of its features new and untried. 
They were desired to express opinions individually and in writing upon the 
qualities and merits of individual products, and to affirm their opinions by 
their respective signatures. Most obviously this was asking the perform- 
ance of a task at once difficult and delicate, and the assumption of great 
moral responsibility. 

The good will, earnestness, and zeal with which they accepted this onerous 
charge and entered upon the work gave assurances to the Centennial Com- 
mission from the outset that have been to them a source of gratification and 
of confidence. Their work is now completed and will soon be given to 
the public, which is in the end the final arbiter and ultimate judge. It is 
not competent for me to anticipate that verdict, but I may allude to some 
of the elements on which it must of necessity be founded. 

It has been the duty of the Centennial Commission to examine, appre- 
ciate, and confirm in legal form twelve thousand or more of the recom- 
mendations of the Judges for Awards. In the progress of this labor the 
Commission have been impressed with the spirit of impartiality, fairness, 
and earnestness which pervades the work. They have been equally im- 
pressed with the evidences of trained skill and acute discrimination, and 
with the manifestations of special and general knowledge throughout. 
Surely it cannot fail that the people and nations represented here will in 
due time acquire from the useful and trustworthy information conveyed by 
the reports of the Judges a better and fuller knowledge of their own pro- 
ducts and of the products of each other. 

In the full confidence that the wishes and aims of the Centennial Com- 



84 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Distribution mission in adopting this method of awards will be thus happily realized 
of Awards. an( j a pp rec i a t e d both by exhibitors and the public, I have now the honor 
to express to you, gentlemen of the Board of Judges, both foreign and 
American, on behalf of the Centennial Commission, our thanks for the 
signal aid and great benefits in this department which you have conferred 
on the exhibitors. 

And now, gentlemen, in a few weeks the object for which we came here 
will be accomplished. The Exhibition, which has been the source of so 
much pleasure and instruction, and which has excited the admiration of 
millions of visitors, will soon pass to the records of history. The cir- 
cumstances that suggested it were of a peculiar and interesting character. 
Connected with the centenary commemoration of one of the most im- 
portant political events in the history of the world, and from its inception 
having been free from merely commercial or mercenary motives, it was 
organized and has been conducted with the single view of erecting here 
a monument dedicated to the fruits of peace that will be remembered for 
all time with pride and pleasure. Inaugurated in a spirit of fraternity and 
good will, it was intended to afford to the people of this and all other 
countries an opportunity to see and study the elements that have conduced 
to the national welfare. We acknowledge our indebtedness to the exhib- 
itors from foreign countries and to the exhibitors from the United States, 
who have co-operated with zeal and most faithfully to render the Exhibition 
successful in all of its departments. The work has been great, the difficulties 
many; but we trust the future will bring returns of a fruitful harvest. 



ADDRESS 

BY JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. 

Gentlemen: — We have reached another interesting step in the progress 
of the International Exhibition of 1876. The importance of the work 
which culminates this evening has been felt by the Commission from the 
beginning. It has never been thought possible to devise or carry out a 
system of awards that would render absolute justice or obviate criticism, 
but it was believed that we could, by the plan with which you are familiar, 
get nearer that result than did our predecessors in other Exhibitions. We 
departed from the usual system of international juries, and called to our 
assistance one hundred and twenty-five judges from the United States and 
an equal number from foreign nations, all selected for their known char- 
acter and qualifications. Our method also dispensed with graduated medals. 
It required written reports recommending awards based upon merit, the 
elements of merit, in the language of the Commission, including "con- 
siderations relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, 
workmanship, fitness for the purpose intended, adaptation to public wants, 
economy, and cost." The articles exhibited were classified in twenty- 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



85 



eight groups, and to each of these groups a competent number of judges, Distribution 
foreign and American, was assigned. They entered upon their duties May of Awards - 
24. Each group chose a president and secretary, and called to its aid such 
reporters and experts as were needed. The rules required that the report 
upon each article or subject should be signed by some one judge and 
countersigned by at least a majority of his associates in that group. No 
limitation has been imposed upon the number of awards. It is apparent 
that of twenty articles submitted each might be worthy of honor for 
peculiar merit, or, on the other hand, it might happen that none would 
deserve special mention. The Chief of the Bureau of Awards, General 
Francis A. Walker, represented the Commission in its relations with the 
Judges, interpreting and applying the rules, and conveying the decisions 
of the Commission upon questions that arose from time to time. He 
classified the reports and prepared them for consideration by the Com- 
mission. That body has read every one of the reports, either in com- 
mittee of the whole or in large subdivisions thereof. The task is not quite 
complete. A few reports are not ready for our examination. Final action 
upon others is delayed by reason of such oversights, alleged violations of 
the rules, duplications, overlappings, or technical errors, as may be ex- 
pected in so large a mass of work by two hundred and fifty gentlemen, 
working in twenty-eight groups. The Commission has formally approved 
eleven thousand reports and awarded thereon the uniform medal and 
diploma. The lists of awards that we present this evening are classified 
by nationalities. The lists given to the press are arranged under their 
several groups. The preparation of diplomas, medals, and certified copies 
of the full reports in each case must necessarily be a work of more time. 
It was deemed just to the exhibitors to announce the principal facts as 
speedily as possible. 

Among the many to whom we feel personally grateful stand prominently 
the tens of thousands of exhibitors. While commercial and purely material 
motives and considerations were presented in order to induce their partici- 
pation, it is quite evident that a large part are here on this peculiar occa- 
sion, not alone from the United States, but from many nations, chiefly that 
they may testify their good will in this our festal year of the century. And 
there are many purely governmental exhibits not subject to competitive 
examination that will nevertheless receive the highest of awards — the con- 
tinuing gratitude of the whole American people. The special manifestations 
of friendly interest and cordial good will presented by many sovereigns can 
never be forgotten, and they will do much to perpetuate international friend- 
ships. 

The Commissioners take this opportunity to express their very great 
pleasure over the happy relations between us and all the gentlemen of the 
foreign Commissions. It cannot be that anything yet to happen will dis- 
turb them. Should Heaven continue to smile upon this enterprise we shall 
all have great reason to thank Almighty God for this opportunity to make 



86 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Distribution 
of Awards. 



common property of the latest developments for the good of mankind and 
strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship now happily subsisting between 
the United States and all the world. 

Gentlemen, I have no order of precedence among you. If any are 
warmer friends than others, I trust they are those with whom we have 
sometimes quarreled. I proceed to deliver your several lists of awards in 
alphabetical order. 

The President of the Centennial Commission then called by name 
the nations represented in the Exhibition. As each was named, the 
Director- General introduced to the President the Commissioner 
designated to receive the awards — as follows : 



Argentine Republic 

Austria 

Africa — Orange Free State 

Belgium . 

Brazil 

Chili 

C/iina 

Denmark . 

Egypt 

France 

German Empire 

Grand Duchy of Luxcmbotirg 

Hawaiian Islands 

Italy 

Japanese Empire 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Portugal . 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tunis 

Turkey 

United Kingdom and Colonics 

Bahamas 

New Zealand 

Tasmania 

Bermuda . 

British Guiana . 

Cape of Good Hope 

Canada 

Ceylon '} 

India 

Gold Coast f- 

Mauritius 1 

Trinidad J 



Mr. Ernesto Oldendorff. 

Dr. Francis Migerka. 

Mr. Charles W. Riley. 

Mr. J. Gody. 

Mr. Fellipe Lopes Netto. 

Mr. Edward Shippen. 

Mr. J. S. Hammond. 

Mr. Thomas Schmidt. 

Mr. E. Brugsch. 

Captain Anfrye. 

Mr. Gustavus Remak. 

Mr. F. Berger. 

Mr. H. R. Hitchcock. 

Count B. Litta. 

Lieut.-Gen. Saigo Tsukumichi. 

Mr. Manuel M. de Zamacona. 

Dr. E. H. von Baumhauer. 

Mr. William C. Christophersen. 

H. E. the Baron de Sant' Anna. 

H. E. Mr. Charles de Bielsky. 

Colonel F. Lopez Fabra. 

Mr. C. Juhi.in-Dannfelt. 

Mr. Edward Guyer. 

Mr. G. H. Heap. 

H. E., G. D'Aristarchi Bey. 

Colonel Herbert B. Sandford, R.A. 

Dr. Edward T. Webb. 

Mr. A. A. Outerbridge. 
Mr. A. E. Outerbridge. 
Mr. H. Crawford Coates. 
Hon E. G. Penny. 



Colonel H. B. Sandford, R.A. 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



87 



yamaica 

New South Wales 
Queensland 
South Australia . 
Victoria 
Venezuela . 



Mr. William Robert Thomson. 

Mr. Augustus Morris. 

Mr. Angus Mackay. 

Mr. S. Davenport. 

Str Redmond Barry. 

Mr. Leon de la Cova. 



Distributio 
of Awards. 



The distribution of awards was concluded by the President's de- 
livering to the Director-General the list of those for exhibitors from 
the United States. As the representatives of the different countries 
were presented to the President, they were greeted with enthusiastic 
applause, the audience rising and cheering repeatedly. 

Vocal music by the Temple Quartette, followed by a promenade 
performed by the band of the First Pennsylvania Brigade, National 
Guards, ended the ceremony. 



CLOSING CEREMONIES. 



BANQUET TO FOREIGN GUESTS, 

ST. GEORGE'S HALL, NOVEMBER 9, 1876. 



Preceding the public ceremony of closing the Exhibition, the closing 
Centennial Commission and Board of Finance united in tendering Ceremon,es - 
a farewell banquet to the Foreign Commissioners and Judges of 
Awards, to whom the success of the Exhibition was so largely due. 
The guests on this occasion included the Commissioners and Diplo- 
matic Representatives of the nations which had participated in the 
Exhibition, the Chief-Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court of 
the United States, a number of Senators and Members of the United 
States Congress, the Secretary of State and other Members of the 
Cabinet of the United States, the Governors of Pennsylvania, Mas- 
sachusetts, Delaware, and New Jersey; the Mayor of Philadelphia, 
the Presidents of the Philadelphia City Councils, and the Officers 
and Members of the Fairmount Park Commission, the Centennial 
Commission and the Centennial Board of Finance. The President 
of the United States was the presiding officer of the evening. 

During the course of the banquet addresses were made by 
representatives of the several bodies participating, and by Commis- 
sioners of each of the foreign countries represented, each being intro- 
duced in turn by the President of the Centennial Commission amid 
the applause of the guests. 



91 



CLOSING CEREMONIES 

OF THE 

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

JUDGES' HALL, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 10. 



Closing 

The arrangements for the closing ceremonies were as follows : ceremonies. 

INAUGURATION MARCH (Wagner) Orchestra. 

Theodore Thomas, Musical Director. 

PRAYER Rev. Joseph A. Seiss, D.D. 

CHORALE AND FUGUE (Bach) Orchestra. 

ADDRESS, by D. J. Morrell, U. S. Centennial Commissioner from Pennsylvania, Chairman 
Executive Committee. 

SELECTIONS FROM THE DETTINGEN TE DEUM . Chorus and Orchestra. 

ADDRESS, by John Welsh, President Centennial Board of Finance. 

FINALE — Fifth Symphony of Beethoven ...... Orchestra. 

ADDRESS, by A. T. Goshorn, Director-General. 

HALLELUJAH CHORUS— from the Messiah (Handel) . Chorus and Orchestra. 

ADDRESS, by Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission. 

AMERICA Chorus and Orchestra. 

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES DECLARED THE INTER- 
NATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876 CLOSED. 

DOXOLOGY— Old Hundred Chorus and Orchestra. 



U. S. Commissioner JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, Presiding. 



COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. 

U. S. Commissioner WILLIAM GURNEY, Chairman. 
U. S. Commissioner DANIEL J. MORRELL. 
U. S. Commissioner WILLIAM H. PARSONS. 

93 



Q4 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

closing COMMITTEE OF RECEPTION. 

Ceremonies. ^ s Commissioner JOHN McNEIL, Chairman. 

U. S. Commissioner ALEXANDER R. BOTELER. 

U. S. Commissioner JOHN LYNCH. 

Director Centennial 'Board of Finance JOHN PRICE WETHERILL. 

Director Centennial Board of Finance N. PARKER SHORTRIDGE. 

Director Centennial Board of Finance EDWARD T. STEELE. 



Note. — At sunrise a Federal salute of thirteen guns was fired from George's Hill, by 
the Keystone Battery, and simultaneously from the U. S. S. Plymouth, in the harbor. 

Dming the singing of America the flag carried by Commodore John Paul Jones on the 
Bon Homme Richard 'was unfurled above the platform, and a salute of forty-seven guns, one 
for each State and Territory, was fired from George's Hill by the Keystone Battery, and 
simultaneously from the U. S. S. Plymouth in the harbor. 

At sunrise, at meridian, and at the close of the ceremonies, Prof. Widdowes rang the 
chimes on Machinery Hall, giving a medley of the National Airs. 

It was intended that the closing exercises should be held in the 
open air, in the grand plaza between the Main Exhibition Building 
and Machinery Flail. An amphitheatre of seats had been erected at 
this point for the accommodation of a large number of invited guests. 
Among these were the President and Cabinet, the Supreme Court of 
the United States, foreign Legations, United States Senate and officers, 
Members of the House of Representatives, Governors of all the States 
and Territories, Mayors of fifty-five cities, Circuit Court Judges of the 
United States, foreign Consuls-General in the United States, foreign 
Consuls in Philadelphia, foreign Commissioners to the Exhibition, 
Judges of Awards, the Centennial Commission, Centennial Board of 
Finance, poets, orators, etc., the United States Government Board, 
Heads of Administrative Departments, Judges of the Supreme Court 
of Pennsylvania, Commissioners of Fairmount Park, City Councils 
of Philadelphia, County Court Judges, U. S. District Attorney and 
assistants, officers of the Army and Navy, officers of the Centennial 
Guard, Pennsylvania Legislature, State Board of Supervisors of 
Memorial Hall, Presidents and Vice-Presidents of steam and pas- 
senger car railroads, Women's Centennial Executive Committee, origi- 
nal Centennial Commission, Commissioner of Public Charities of 
Pennsylvania, with other distinguished citizens, and subscribers to 
the stock of the Exhibition. 

The day, however, was rainy, and it became necessary to conduct 
the ceremonies in the Judges' Hall, which had capacity for only a 
small portion of the assemblage anxious to behold them. 

At the opening of the ceremony there were seated on and beside 
the platform the Honorables John F. Hartranft, Governor of Penn- 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. g- 

sylvania; Alexander H. Rice, Governor of Massachusetts; John D. closing 
Bagley, Governor of Michigan ; Joseph D. Bedle, Governor of New Cercmonies - 
Jersey; J. P. Cochran, Governor of Delaware; E. A. Straw, ex-Gov- 
ernor of New Hampshire; William S. Stokley, Mayor of Philadelphia ; 
Chief-Justice Morrison R. Waite and Associate Justices Noah H. 
Swayne, David Davis, Joseph P. Bradley, and William Strong, of the 
United States Supreme Court; the Diplomatic Corps and foreign 
Commissioners to the Exhibition ; and other invited guests ; also the 
members of the United States Centennial Commission and Centennial 
Board of Finance. 

At two o'clock the aisle leading from the entrance of the Judges' 
Flail to the platform was lined by the First Troop of Philadelphia 
City Cavalry (dismounted), and way was made for the Presidential 
procession, which entered in the following order : 

The Committee of Reception. 

Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States, and Joseph R. 
Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission. 

Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, and John Welsh, President of 
the Centennial Board of Finance. 

J. Donald Cameron, Secretary of War, and Alfred T. Goshorn, 
Director-General of the International Exhibition. 

Daniel J. Morrell, Chairman of the Executive Committee, United 
States Centennial Commission, and Alphonso Taft, Attorney-General. 

The personages thus introduced were seated at the front of the 
platform ; also the Rev. Dr. Seiss and Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President 
of the Women's Centennial Executive Committee. 

After the performance of the Inauguration March by the orchestra, 
and a prayer by Dr. Seiss, the order of exercises proceeded as 
announced. 



ADDRESS 

BY DANIEL J. MORRELL. 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: — On the 9th day of March, 
1870, it was my privilege to introduce in Congress a bill to provide for 
holding in the City of Philadelphia the Exhibition which this day brings 
to a close. On the 3d of March, 1871, that bill became a law, but not 
without opposition and amendments, which took from it all provisions for 
carrying out the purpose contemplated by the act itself. On the 4th of 
March, 1872, the Centennial Commission met and organized, and the 
labor of preparing for the Exhibition was commenced, in the face of 
obstacles such as were never encountered in a similar undertaking. 



q6 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Closing The Government had refused aid ; local jealousies were powerful ; the 

Ceremonies, newspapers of the country, with few exceptions, were lukewarm or openly 
hostile, and the mass of the people could not be interested in an event 
which seemed far away in the future. During the first year of the life 
of the Commission doubt everywhere prevailed, and I am ashamed to say, 
I shall strive to forget, and I hope that history will not record, how few 
had faith in the success of our enterprise, and how many wise and eminent 
citizens rendered a hesitating support or refused to commit themselves to 
what, to them, seemed a hopeless cause. In this time of gloom the City 
of Philadelphia was not afraid to charge itself with the expenses incident 
to the organization and labors of the Commission, and in this and all other 
official acts her municipal authorities have shown courageous liberality. 

The creation of the Board of Finance was the turning-point in the 
fortunes of the Centennial Exhibition ; from that moment its prospects 
brightened, and though that Board was confronted with a financial panic, 
and other discouraging events, its executive officers moved forward in the 
confidence that "knows no such word as fail." By slow and laborious 
stages public interest was aroused ; the Women's Centennial Commission 
labored with zeal and efficiency; money from private subscriptions to 
the stock of the Board of Finance flowed into the treasury ; the State of 
Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia made liberal appropriations for 
the uses of the Exhibition, of which a memorial will remain to future 
Centennials; and, when success was assured, the National Congress recog- 
nized its duty and gave us material aid. 

"As a woman who is in travail hath sorrow," but, afterwards, "she 
remembereth no more her anguish for the joy that a man is born into the 
world," so the pangs of this great labor are far away and lost in this hour 
of its triumph. 

It is but just, however, in speaking for the executive officers of the Cen- 
tennial Commission, that I should point the future historians of the Exhi- 
bition to the great difficulties which have been encountered and overcome, 
and claim from them a charitable criticism. In comparing this work with 
that which has been done elsewhere, I beg them to note that this has been 
accomplished by the voluntary agents of a free people, clothed with no 
official or titular prestige or distinction, and without Governmental support. 
The members of the Commission and the Board of Finance have recog- 
nized that they were on exhibition as fully as any material object inclosed 
within these grounds; that thousands of eyes would scan their every act, 
after the fashion of these times, which is to attribute mercenary or corrupt 
motives to all engaged in the execution of public trusts; and I shall esteem 
above the prizes the nation has won in the Exhibition, an award from that 
higher group of judges which represents the conscience of the world, that 
this work which we to-day commit to history is free from taint, that good 
men shall say it was honest. The managers of future Centennial celebra- 
tions to be held on these grounds will see and do things more wonderful 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. gy 

than our wildest dreams, and the remnants of our finest things may be ex- closing 
hibited by them as proofs of the rudeness of early days; but in the records Ccrem °"'es. 
we have made, the full measure of our manhood will go down to them 
untouched by the gnawing tooth of Time. 

Of the Exhibition now to be numbered with the things of the past it is 
difficult to speak. The nations are here; they have made this great spec- 
tacle what it is, and they deserve the gratitude of the American people. 
While they have taught much, they have also learned something; and they 
have seen in the crowds of American citizens of all occupations and con- 
ditions of life, who have thronged these grounds, a polite, orderly, self- 
respecting, and self-governing people. So far as their representatives have 
entered into our social life, we will hope they have found that what may be 
lacking in form is made up in substance; that the simplicity of republican 
manners is dignified by the sentiment of good will to men. 

The Exhibition was opened by starting in motion the Corliss engine, 
that giant of wonder to all, which for six months, with equal pulse, without 
haste, without rest, has propelled an endless system of belts and wheels. 
Silent and irresistible, it affects the imagination as realizing the fabled 
powers of genii and afrite in Arabian tales, and, like them, it is subject to 
subtile control. When these our ceremonies here are ended, the President 
of the United States, by the motion of his hand, will make the lightning 
his messenger to stop the revolution of its wheels, and at the same instant 
to tell the world that the International Exhibition, which marked the Cen- 
tennial of American national life, is closed. 



ADDRESS 

BY JOHN WELSH. 

Fkllow-Citizens : — In this closing scene of the International Exhibition 
I may well give expression to the grateful emotions which swell my heart, 
that all who have shared in the labor of its preparation and conduct, in 
your approval of it, meet their coveted reward. The predictions of evil 
which were made of it — and by many in high places — have not been real- 
ized. The nation has not been dishonored. The good name of its people 
has not been imperiled. This day witnesses that the noble purpose of its 
projectors has been accomplished. It has hallowed the Centennial year by 
an inspiration of the past. The circumstances attendant on the nation's 
birth have been recalled. The patriotic impulses of the people have been 
quickened. Their love for their country has been strengthened. 

The Exhibition has concentrated here specimens of the varied products 
of the United States and made better known to us our vast resources. It 
has brought to us the representatives of many nations, — men skilled, accom- 
plished, and experienced, — and they have brought with them stores of 
treasures in all the forms given to them by long-practiced industry and art. 

13 



9 8 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Closing And others are here from new lands, even younger than our own, giving 

Ceremonies. ^ p rom i se f a bright and glorious future. It has placed side by side, for 
comparison, the industries of the world. In viewing them the utilitarian 
revels in the realization that man is striving earnestly to make all things 
contribute to his convenience and comfort ; the philosopher stands in awe 
at their contemplation as he dwells upon the cherished thought of the pos- 
sible unity of nations ; and he who looks on the grandeur of the scene from 
a spiritual stand-point is filled with the hope that the day is near "when 
the glory of the Lord shall cover the earth as the waters cover the sea." 

It has taught us in what others excel, and excited our ambition to strive 
to equal them. It has taught others that our first century has not been 
passed in idleness, and that, at least in a few things, we are already in the 
advance. It has proved to them and to us that national prejudices are as 
unprofitable as they are unreasonable ; that they are hindrances to progress 
and to welfare, and that the arts of peace are most favorable for advancing 
the condition, the power, and the true greatness of a nation. It has been 
the occasion of a delightful union among the representatives of many na- 
tions, marked by an intelligent appreciation of each other, rich in instruc- 
tion and fruitful in friendships. It has placed before our own people, as a 
school for their instruction, a display — vast and varied beyond precedent — 
comprising the industries of the world, including almost every product known 
to science and to art. 

It has made the country and its institutions known to intelligent repre- 
sentatives of all nations. They have had access to our homes, have become 
familiar with our habits, have studied our systems of education, observed 
the administration of our laws, and will hereafter understand why the 
United States of America exerts so large an influence on other nations, 
and, consequently, the great truth that in proportion to the intelligence 
and freedom of a people is their loyalty to their government. 

It has concentrated on this spot, in the short term of six months, eight 
millions of visitors, who have enjoyed all its rare privileges without a dis- 
turbance or any personal hindrance from violence or even rudeness. It 
has exhibited the American people in their true character, respectful of 
each other's rights, considerate of each other's convenience, and desirous 
of allowing to others a full participation in their enjoyment. It has afforded 
an opportunity to show that the administration of an exhibition on a grand 
scale may be liberal in its expenditure without useless extravagance; that 
its laws may be strictly enforced with impartiality and without harshness; 
that its regulations may secure the efficiency of its departments and uni- 
formity in their action ; that its whole course has. been free from financial 
embarrassment or even a payment deferred ; and that, notwithstanding 
every part of its machinery was in constant motion, no one of the immense 
throng within the limits of the Exhibition was sensible of its restraint. 

It has shown that the authorities of the great city in which the Exhibition 
>has been held have been actuated by a single eye to the promotion of the 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. ^ 

public convenience. That, under their supervision, facilities of every kind closing 
have been provided, property has been protected, good order has been Ceremonies. 
preserved, unusual health has prevailed, and extortion in its varied forms 
has been almost unknown : these, combined with the unlimited accom- 
modations for visitors and the hospitality of its citizens, are in beautiful 
harmony with the purposes of the Exhibition. Nor has the State of Penn- 
sylvania been less in sympathy. The traditions connected with its soil are 
its priceless heritage. 

The International Exhibition is to be regarded as a reverential tribute to 
the century which has just expired. That century has been recalled. Its 
events have been reviewed. Its fruits are gathered. Its memories are hal- 
lowed. Let us enter on the new century with a renewed devotion to our 
country, with the highest aims for its honor and for the purity, integrity, 
and welfare of its people. 

On the Exhibition the curtain is now about to fall. When it has fallen, 
the wonderful creation, in the beauties of which we have so long been 
reveling, will have passed away. Looking round upon it now, while the 
scene still glows with its grandeur, and our senses are rejoicing in its de- 
lights, I desire to assure all who have contributed towards its production 
that there is at least one who bears in grateful remembrance whatever they 
have done. It may have been an humble prayer, the earnings of hard toil, 
out of their abundance, or the devotion of years of intelligent labor — it 
matters not. The little brooks and the rivers alike make up the mighty 
ocean. To all — at home and abroad — who have helped us forward ; to the 
sovereigns and Governments of other countries who have countenanced and 
encouraged us ; to their representatives who have worked so nobly in our 
cause ; to the exhibitors of our own and other lands, who have done more 
than can be expressed ; to the Congress of the United States of America, 
for its generous and timely aid; and especially to the President of the 
United States of America, for his unwavering support and encouragement, 
are due the grateful acknowledgments of the nation. Would that I were 
authorized to make such acknowledgments here, or that my own had the 
value in them to make them acceptable to them all, from the humblest to 
the highest ! 

And now, to my fellow-laborers of the United States Centennial Com- 
mission, and of my more immediate associates in the Centennial Board of 
Finance, I need only say that our work has its place in the annals of the 
nation. If the memories of it be pleasant to our countrymen, we have 
done well. 

ADDRESS 

BY ALFRED T. GOSHORN. 

Mr. President: — The bright sunlight that came last May to greet the 
opening hour of the International Exhibition of 1876 was a propitious omen. 



I0 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Closing Those who had labored from its inception to place before the world in a 

Ceremonies p ro per manner an enterprise in which great expectations and interests were 
concentrated, were encouraged and strengthened in their work. It has since 
prospered and won the favor of general commendation. Millions of people 
have come hither to enjoy the teachings of a school that has laid the foun- 
dations for more liberal thought and for a more extended knowledge of the 
social, industrial, and political elements that contribute to the welfare of 
man. The beneficial results that will ensue from these teachings cannot be 
over-estimated. 

This Exhibition has been a great educator. It has given the people of other 
nations new and correct ideas of the resources and institutions of America. 
It has given the people of America enlarged information of the arts, prod- 
ucts, and wealth of the participating nations. It has also augmented and 
strengthened social and commercial relations between nations, which are 
results of high importance, and may be considered a happy consummation 
of the objects of this international work. Had it accomplished less than 
this it would have failed of the hopes of its projectors. 

But the hour has arrived when we must dismantle these buildings and 
take our departure. Having been for almost four years intimately con- 
nected with the internal and external administration of this work, I feel 
that we have abundant cause for congratulation that the close of our labors 
terminates in the midst of a success that is manifestly satisfactory to our 
country and approved by the patriotism of our people. In this great under- 
taking we have had from the beginning the zealous co-operation and faithful 
services of both the officials and the exhibitors in the various departments, 
to whom we are pleased in this manner and on this important occasion to 
acknowledge our indebtedness. 

To our friends, the foreign Commissioners and foreign exhibitors, I am 
glad of another opportunity to express and repeat our most cordial greet- 
ings and thanks for the valuable part they have taken in this Exhibition. 
Without such co-operation it could not have attained the dignity and 
interest which has so profoundly affected the people of the United States. 
Your presence, gentlemen, has been accepted by the people of this country 
as a mission of international good will and fraternal intercourse. I pray 
you, therefore, to carry with you a conviction of the appreciation and 
friendly feelings of this government and this people toward you for your 
honorable and successful co-operation. 

I also have the pleasure to congratulate my fellow-citizens, the exhibitors 
from the United States. You have contributed abundantly of the rich prod- 
ucts of the soil and mines and of your own ingenious and skillful workman- 
ship; you have won fresh honors in every department, and have revealed and 
made better known to our own people and to the world your strength and 
progress and the vast resources at your command. Your contributions and 
intelligent co-operation entitle you to claim a large share both of the credit 
and benefits of the Exhibition. If the influences of this Exhibition should 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. IOI 

discourage all inclinations to the showy and superficial and elevate the closing 
standard of quality and workmanship, and thereby add to the intrinsic Ceremonies 
merits and values of our products, it will produce its legitimate results and 
justify the expenditures of thought and treasure that have been lavished 
upon it. 

But I cannot conclude without alluding to the efficient and faithful work 
of my co-officials and of my personal staff, which commands my highest 
acknowledgments of respect and esteem. The amount of labor and thought 
which has devolved on you, gentlemen, can never be known, nor need it 
be. We have our reward in the consciousness of the confidence placed in 
us and in the support we have always received from the United States Cen- 
tennial Commission and Centennial Board of Finance, and from the numer- 
ous contributors in this city and elsewhere who laid the foundations of this 
Exhibition, and from the public. 

The characteristics and attractions of the Exhibition have been made 
known by leading journals throughout the world to thousands of readers, 
and these records constitute one of its most instructive and durable features. 
It affords me pleasure to take this opportunity of -expressing to the press of 
the entire country, and especially of this city, my warm appreciation of the 
unremitting zeal and earnestness with which they have seconded the labors 
of the Commission and urged the claims of the Exhibition upon the atten- 
tion of the public. 

And now, Mr. President, with the close of this day another International 
Exhibition will be concluded and added to the records of the past. But it 
will not be ended, — it will rather have only begun. The real exhibition we 
have striven for is not limited to the display of material products, which, 
however pleasing, must be brief. The teachings, the social and moral in- 
fluences, the improvements in the productive powers of genius and inventive 
knowledge, constitute in part the object and aim. May these be fully 
realized as the legitimate results of this Exhibition ! 



ADDRESS 

BY JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. 

The final day of the Exhibition has arrived. Four years and a half ago 
the United States Centennial Commission, representing every State and 
Territory, was organized to celebrate the Centennial Anniversary of our 
national independence by holding an International Exhibition of arts, 
manufactures, and products of the soil and mine. Congress deemed it 
fitting that the completion of the first century of our existence should be 
commemorated by a presentation of the natural resources of the country 
and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit man- 
kind in comparison with those of older nations. 

Happily the United States were and are at peace with the whole world. 



I0 2 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Closing International Exhibitions have become an established factor in modern 

Ceremonies, civilization, but connected with this one were features of peculiar and 
local interest. They have not interfered with its progress, — indeed, the 
acceptances of other nations, and the very friendly congratulatory letters 
addressed to the President of the United States on the occasion of the 
celebration of the Fourth of July, show that they have rather given an 
opportunity for expressions of cordial good will that have given very great 
pleasure to the whole American people. 

There were many and great difficulties in the path of the enterprise, the 
usual misapprehensions, the disturbed condition of business and finance at 
home and abroad, and the slow conversion of a public sentiment, which, 
in the earlier days, feared that justice might not be done to American re- 
sources and capabilities. We recall the hours of uncertainty and dis- 
couragement solely that we may felicitate ourselves upon results that have 
answered the hopes and predictions of the most sanguine. 

The Exhibition has given us a better comprehension of our own position 
and progress. We expected and hoped to be taught our shortcomings in 
some respects, and we shall profit by the lessons. And yet we gather from 
our countrymen the general impression that they are not a little pleased to 
see how well our productions in many departments have borne the com- 
parisons to which they have been subjected. 

Unquestionably international trade and commerce will be promoted. 
Our manufacturers, mechanics, and artists will show by their works that 
they have been close students of the admirable exhibits from abroad. The 
ingenuity and excellence of our mechanics and inventors will be made 
better known. A higher benefit has been wrought. The bonds of peace 
have been strengthened. Innumerable ties have been created that will be 
strongly felt whenever national disagreements are threatened. Our people 
are so widely scattered, and their relations have been so seriously disturbed, 
that every patriot anxiously desired them to seize this great occasion to 
know each other better, that they may love each other more. What has 
been done toward this is one of our most valuable labors. The concurrent 
and almost wholly harmonious testimony of our critics, at home and abroad, 
permits us to feel that we have been on the whole largely successful in all 
our work. This commendatory judgment is very grateful to us. My asso- 
ciates have given expression to our gratitude. I would gladly add to what 
they have said, if I could. The Commission thanks the City of Philadelphia, 
the State of Pennsylvania, the National Government, and especially you, 
Sir, our honored President. It thanks the foreign Commissioners, one and 
all, most heartily. It thanks the exhibitors of all nations. It thanks the 
Women's Centennial Committee. It thanks the American people, whose 
conduct here has commanded unbroken respect. , It warmly thanks its 
associate corporation, the Board of Finance. Above all, it reverently 
acknowledges the kind favor of Heaven, which has so smiled upon us that, 
while we turn somewhat sadly from these scenes of great labor and greater 



REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. 



■03 



pleasure, all who have been associated here may feel that they have here closing 
done something to advance the world towards the better day coming. God Ceremon,es - 
be praised for the past ! God send us all, individuals and nations, a happy 
future ! 

General Hawley's address was followed by the performance of the 
national air, America, by the orchestra, accompanied by the chorus 
and the audience. At this moment, Miss Stafford unfurled above the 
platform the American flag carried on Commodore John Paul Jones's 
frigate, the Bon Homme Richard, in 1779. Miss Stafford owns this 
flag, by Governmental sanction, as the daughter of Lieutenant Stafford 
of the Bon Homme Richard. 

When the hymn was ended, General Hawley said, " Mr. President, 
we await your pleasure." 

The President of the United States, rising, said, " I now declare 
the International Exhibition of 1876 closed." The presiding officer 
said, " The President of the United States will now give the tele- 
graphic signal to stop the great engine." The President then waved 
his hand to the operator, and the engine ceased to work at 3.40 p.m. 

The singing of the Doxology by the audience and chorus ended 
the ceremony, and, the audience standing, the President of the United 
States and his suite left the Hall, escorted as at their entrance. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



14 io 5 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 



THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. 



An Act of Congress, approved March 3, 1 871, directed that the Centennial 
Centennial Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence should 
be celebrated by holding at Philadelphia an International Exhibition . 

J ° L International 

of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine.* The Exhibition. 
Exhibition was opened in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, on May 10, 
and closed on November 10, 1876. 



CREATION OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



Your Secretary believes that the first suggestion that the Centen- Initial 

movements, 

nial Celebration ought to involve an International Exhibition, held at j866. 
Philadelphia, was made in a letter written by him in 1866 to Mr. 
Morton McMichael, then Mayor of Philadelphia. Subsequently, I 
again called Mayor McMichael's attention to the subject, and he con- 1868. 
ferred upon it with a number of influential citizens of Philadelphia, 
most of them members of the Franklin Institute. This led to the 
formation of a committee of citizens, who invited Mr. Daniel J. April. 1869. 
Morrell, then member of Congress from Pennsylvania, to join them 
in the consideration of measures to promote an International Ex- 
hibition. 

The first legislative action in the matter began with Mr. John L. 
Shoemaker's presentation to the Select Council of Philadelphia of a J"»-ao 1870. 
communication from a committee of the Franklin Institute, which 
recited the propriety of commemorating the anniversary by an Inter- 

* The full text of the Act is printed in Appendix C, page 101. 

107 



io8 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Initial 
movements 



national Exhibition at Fairmount Park, and requested Councils to 
memorialize Congress to extend suitable aid.* Mr. Shoemaker then 
offered resolutions embodying the recommendations of the communi- 
cation. These were immediately and unanimously adopted by the 

Jan. 27, 1870. Select Council, as they were a week later by the Common Council, 
and a joint committee from both chambers was appointed to present 
the resolutions to Congress and solicit its requisite legislation.")" 

Soon after, the Legislature of Pennsylvania took similar action and 
appointed a similar committee. These two committees united with 
one named by the Franklin Institute; and the joint committee, under 
the chairmanship of Mr. J. L. Shoemaker, and accompanied by Mr. 

Feb. 24, 1870. Daniel M. Fox, Mayor of Philadelphia, waited upon Congress and 
presented their memorial to the Committee on Manufactures, to whom 
it was referred.! 

The definite proposal to hold an International Exhibition instantly 
elicited the emulation of different sections of the country; and the 
representatives of many cities, ignoring the historical claim put for- 
ward by Philadelphia, sought its location with themselves. For a long 
time this opposition prevented the legislation desired of Congress. 
During the interval thus occasioned much work was done in Phila- 
delphia by those interested in the celebration, and the Mayor addressed 



April 6, 1870. 



to the chairman of the Congressional Committee on Manufactures an 



May 



1870. 



invitation to visit Philadelphia, examine its manufacturing industries, 
and consider its advantages as the site of an International Exhibition. 
This invitation was accepted, and the Committee on Manufactures, 
" accompanied by many members of the Senate and House of Repre- 
june 16, i8 7 o. sentatives, visited Philadelphia and inspected Fairmount Park, as 
well as representative manufacturing establishments of the city. The 
result of their examination was to secure their recommendation of 
Philadelphia as the site of the Exhibition ; but the opposition from 
rival cities was still sufficient to delay legislative action, and ultimately 
to couple with the Act an amendment prohibiting the appropriation 
which was deemed essential to the success of the Exhibition. 

The Act, however, was duly passed and approved, declaring that 
the Exhibition should be held in Philadelphia in 1876, under the 
direction of a Centennial Commission, whose members should be 



Centennial 
Commission. 
March 3, 187 



* The full text of the communication of the Franklin Institute is printed in Appendix 
D, page 197. 

f The full text of the resolutions of the Philadelphia City Councils is printed in Ap- 
pendix D, page 197. 

% The full text of the memorial of the joint committee is printed in Appendix E, 
page 237. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



IO9 



nominated by the Governors of the several States and Territories and Centennial 
confirmed by the President.* l87I . 

In accordance with these provisions, the Secretary of State invited 
the Governors of all the States and Territories to nominate Commis- 
sioners, to be confirmed by the President. The terms of the Act, 
however, prevented the Commission from meeting in less than a 
year from the date of its approval. f On the earliest day possible the March 4,1872 
Commissioners met at Philadelphia, in Independence Hall, twenty- 
nine Commissioners being present, representing twenty-seven States 
and Territories, — and the Commission was duly organized. Before 
the close of the session, which lasted for eight days, three other Com- 
missioners presented themselves, making a total representation of 
thirty-two Commissioners from twenty-eight States and Territories. J 
The list of Commissioners officially accredited at this time was as 
follows, those whose names are prefixed by parallels (||) having been 
present at the first session of the Commission :§ 



March 4-1 t, 
1872 



UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



MARCH, 1872. 



States and Territories, 

Alabama . . . 
Arizona .... 
Arkansas . . . 
California 
Colorado. . . . 
Connecticut . . . 



Commissioners. 

Wm. M. Byrd, 
R. C. McCormick, 
E. W. Gantt, 
J. D. Creigh, 
f. Marshall Paul, 
Joseph R. Hawley, 



Alternates. 

Jas. L. Cooper. 
John Wasson. 
Alex. McDonald. 
John Middleton. 
N. C. Meeker. 
|| Wm. Phipps Blake. 



* For the full text of the Act, see Appendix C, page 101. 

f See Section 3 of the Act, Appendix C, page 101. 

% For an abstract of the proceedings of this and subsequent sessions of the Commission, 
see Appendix A, page 1. 

\ The names of the Commissioners appointed were communicated, from (he records of 
the Department of State at Washington, with the following letter from the Secretary of 
State : 

" Department of State, Washington, March 1, 1872. 

"John L. Shoemaker, Esq., 

" Chairman of the Philadelphia Centennial Committee, 611 Vine Street, Philadelphia 
"Sir, — In compliance with the request contained in your letter of the twenty-ninth 
ultimo, I enclose herewith a list of all the Commissioners appointed to date to represent 
the States and Territories at the Centennial Anniversary of American Independence, to be 
held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1876, with their residences, so far as the Department 
has been informed. 

" I am, sir, 

" Your obedient servant, 

•'HAMILTON FISH." 



no 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Centennial 
Commission, 
March, 1872. 



States and Territories 

Dakota 

Delaivare 

District of Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

I dal 10 

Indiana 

Iowa . 

Kansas 

lonisiana 

Maine . . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Montana . . 

Nebraska 

Nevada . . 

New H amp si lit 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York . 

North Carolina 

Ohio . . . 

Oregon . . 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas . . 

Utah ... 

Vermont . . 

Virginia . . 



Washington Ti 
West Virginia 
Wisconsin . 
Wyoming 



Note. — Ultimately 
Commission. The subj 



ritory 



Commissioners. 

|| G. A. Batchelder, 

Wm. T. Read, 
||Jas. E. Dexter, 

J. S. Adams, 

T. Hardeman, Jr., 

Thos. Donaldson, 
|| J. L. Campbell, 
|| Robt. Lowry, 

J. A. Martin, 
|| John Lynch, 
|| Joshua Nye, 

Wm. P. Smith, 

J. W. Edmands, 
|| James Birney, 

J. F. Williams, 
|| O. C. French. 

Wm. H. Clagett, 
|| H. S. Moody, 

Wm. Wirt McCoy. 

Ezekiel A. Straw, 
|| O. Cleveland, 

E. W. Little. 

J. V. L. Pruyn, 

Alfred Dockery, 
|| Henry Probasco, 

J as. W. Virtue, 
|| Dan'l. J. Morrell, 
|| Geo. H. Corliss, 

James L. Orr, 

T. H. Coldwell. 
|| Wm. H. Parsons. 

|| J. H. WlCKIZER, 

II J. N. Baxter, 

|| W. W. Wood. 
Elwood Evans, 
Alex. R. Boteler, 

|| David Atwood, 
H. Latham, 



Alternates. 

|| Solomon L. Spink. 

John H. Rodney. 

L. A. Gobright. 

J. T. Bernard. 
|| Lewis Waln Smith. 

Jas. S. Reynolds. 
|| D. M. Boyd, Jr. 

Coker F. Clarkson. 

Geo. A. Crawford. 

T. C. Anderson. 

C. P. Kimball. 

J. W. Davis. 

Wm. B. Spooner. 

C. B. Grant. 

W. W. Folwell. 

H. L. Warren. 
R. W. Furnas. 

Asa P. Cate. 
|| John G. Stevens. 

|| Chas. H. Marshall. 

Jon. W. Albertson. 

W. W. Griffith. 

A. J. Dufur. 
|| Asa Packer. 

Samuel Powel. 

A. Cameron. 
|| Wm. F. Prosser. 

Wm. H. Pitts. 
Henry Chase. 

Alex. S. Abernethy. 
|| Andrew J. Sweeney. 

E. D. Holton. 
II Robt. H. Lamborn. 



all the States and Territories were represented in the Centennial 
joined list contains the names of those who have at any time been 

Commissioners, — the names of members at the time of the Exhibition being printed in 

Roman type, those of ex-members in italics. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



Ill 



UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL 

1872-76. 

States and Territories. Commissioners. 

Alabama William M. i?jr</ (died, 1874J. 

Richard M. Nelson, Selma. 

Arizona Richard C. McCormick, 

Washington, D. C. 
Arkansas . . . . E. W. Gantt (died, 187 4). 

George W. Lawrence, Hot 
Springs. 
California .... J. Dunbar Creigh, San Fran- 
cisco. 

Colorado J. Marshall Paul, Fair Play. 

Connecticut .... Joseph R. Havvley, Hartford. 

Dakota G. A. Batchelder (resigned, 

died, 1874). 

John A. Burbank, Springfield. 
Delaware .... William F. Read (died, 1873). 

Henry F. Askew (died, 1875). 

John K. Kane, Wilmington. 



District of Columbia . James E. Dexter, Washington. 

Florida J. S. Adams (resigned, 1875). 

T. W. Osborne, New York. 
Georgia Thomas Hardeman, Jr. (re- 
signed, 1873). 
George Hillyer, Atlanta. 
Idaho ..".. . . . Thomas Donaldson, Boise 
City. 

Illinois Frederick L. Matthews, 

Carlinville. 
Indiana John L. Campbell, Crawfords- 

ville. 

Iowa Robert Lowry, Davenport. 

Kansas John A. Martin, Atchison. 

Kentucky .... Robert Mallory, LaGrange. 

Louisiana .... John Lynch, New Orleans. 



COMMISSION. 

Alternates. 

James L. Cooper, Huntsville. 
John Wasson, Tucson. 

Alexander McDonald (resign ed , 

1874). 
George E. Dodge, Little Rock. 

John Middleton (died, 1873). 
Benjamin P. Kooser, Santa 

Cruz. 
N. C. Meeker, Greeley. 
William P. Blake, New 

Haven. 



Solomon L. Spink, Yankton. 



John H. Rodney (resigned, 

1876). 
Caesar A. Rodney, Wilming- 
ton. 
Lawrence A. Gobright, 
Washington. 

J. T. Bernard, Tallahassee. 
Lewis Wain Smith (resigned, 

1874). 
Richard Peters, Jr., Atlanta. 
James S. Reynolds (resigned, 

1874). 
Christopher W. Moore, Boise 

City. 
Lawrence Weldon, Bloom- 

ington. 
D. M. Boyd, Jr. (resigned, 

1873). 

Franklin C. Johnson, New 
Albany. 

Coker F. Clarkson, Eldora. 

George A. Crawford, Fort 
Scott. 

Smith M. Hobbs, Mount Wash- 
ington. 

Thomas C. Anderson (resigned, 
1872). 

Edward Penington, Phila- 
delphia. 



Centennial 

Commission, 

1872-76. 



112 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1876. 



Centennial 

Commission, 

1872-76. 



States and Territories. Commissioners. Alternates. 

Maine Joshua Nye, Augusta. Charles P. Kimball (resigned, 

1875). 
Chas. H. Haskell, Portland. 

Maryland .... William Prescott Smith (died, John W. Davis (resigned, 

1872). 1873). 
James T. Earle{ resigned, 1 87 5 ) . 

John H. B. Latrobe, Bald- Samuel M. Shoemaker, Balti- 
more, more. 
Massachusetts . . . J. Wiley Edmunds (resigned, 
1872). 
George B. Loring, Salem. William B. Spooner, Boston. 
Michigan . ... James Birney (resigned, 1875). 

V. P. Collier, Battle Creek. Claudius B.Grant, Houghton. 

Minnesota .... J. Fletcher Williams, St. W. W. Folwell, Minneapolis. 

Paul. 

Mississippi . . . . O. C. French, Jackson. E. D. Frost (resigned, 1872). 

M. Edwards, Gholson. 

Missouri .... John McNeil, St. Louis. Samuel Hays, St. Louis. 

Montana .... William H. Clagett (resigned, Henry L. Warren (resigned, 

1874). 1873). 

Joseph P. Woolman, Helena. Patrick A. Largey, Virginia 

City. 

Nebraska .... Henry S. Moody, Omaha. R. W. Furnas, Brownsville. 

N~evada W. W. McCoy, Eureka. James W. Haines, Genoa. 

Nezv Hampshire . . Ezekiel A. Straw, Manches- Asa P. Cate (died, 1874). 

ter. M. V. B. Edgkrly, Manchester. 

A T ew Jersey . . . Orestes Cleveland, Jersey John G. Stevens, Trenton. 

City. 

New Mexico . . . Eldridge W. Little, Santa Stephen B. Elkins, Washing- 

Fe. ton, D. C. 

Nezv York .... John V. L. Pruyn (resigned, Charles H. Marshall (resigned, 

1873)- 1875). 

N. M. Beckwith, New York C. P. Kimball, New York 

City. City. 

A r orih Carolina . . Alfred Dockery (resigned, 1872). . 

Samuel F. Phillips, Washing- Jonathan W. Albertson, 

ton, D. C. Hertford. 

Ohio Hen7yProbasco(res\gnec],i8']2). 

Alfred T. Goshorn, Cincin- Wilson W. Griffith, Toledo, 
nati. 

Oregon James W. Virtue, Baker City. Andrew J. Dufur, Portland. 

Pennsylvania . . . Daniel J. Morkell, Johns- Asa Packer, Mauch Chunk. 

town. 

Rhode Island . . . George H. Corliss, Provi- Samuel Powell {vz?>\g\-\ea, 1874). 

dence. Royal C. Taft, Providence. 
South Carolina . . James L. Orr (died, 1873). 

William Gurney, Charleston. Archibald Cameron, Charles- 
ton. 
Tennessee .... Thomas H. Coldwell, Shelby- William F. Prosser, Nash- 
ville, ville. 

Texas Wm. H. Parsons, New York. John C. Chew, New York. 

Utah John H. Wickizer (resigned, William H. Pitts (resigned, 

1875). l8 72). 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. I]t - 

States and Territories. Commissioners. Alternates. 

Utah WILLIAM Haydon, Salt Lake Oscar G. Sawyer (resumed, Centennial 

y v o » Commission, 

City. • 1874). l872 _ ?6 . 

William Haydon (made Com- 
missioner, 1875). 
C. R. Gilchrist, Salt Lake 
City. 

Vermont John N. Baxter (resigned, 

1872). 
Middleton Goldsmith, Rut- Henry Chase, Lyndon, 
land. 

Virginia Walter W. Wood (resigned, Edmund R. Bagwell (died, 

1874). 1876). 

F. W. M. Holliday, Win- M. P. Handy. Richmond. 
Chester. 
Washington Territory Elwood Evans, Olympia. Alexander S. Abernethy, 

Cowlitz County. 
West Virginia . . . Alexander R. Boteler, Shep- Andrew J. Sweeney, Wheel- 

herdstown. ing. 

Wisconsin .... David Atwood, Madison. Edward D. Holton, Milwau- 

kee. 
Wyoming . . . . H. Latham (resigned, 1873). 

Joseph M. Carev, Cheyenne. Robert H.Lamborn, Philadel- 
phia. 



The officers and standing committees, at the time of the Exhibition, were as follows 

OFFICERS: 

President.— Joseph R. Hawley, Connecticut. 

Vice-Presidents : 
First. — Thomas H. Coldwell, Tennessee. 
Second. — Middleton Goldsmith, Vermont. 
Third.— -W. W. McCoy, Nevada. 
Fourth.— ¥. W. M. Holliday, Virginia. 
Fifth. — Robert Mallory, Kentucky. 
Sixth. — John A. Martin, Kansas. 

Director-General. — Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio. 

Secretary.— -John L. Campbell, Indiana. 

Counsellor and Solicitor. — John L. Shoemaker, Philadelphia. 

Assistant Secretaries. — Myer Asch, Dorsey Gardner, Philadelphia. 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



Daniel J. Morrell, Pennsylvania. 
Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio. 
N. M. Beckwith, New York. 
Alexander R. Boteler, West Virginia. 
R. C. McCormick, Arizona. 
John Lynch, Louisiana. 



C. P. Kimball, New York. 
S. F. Phillips, North Carolina. 
George B. Loring, Massachusetts. 
George H. Corliss, Rhode Island. 
John H. B. Latrobe, Maryland. 
David Atwood, Wisconsin. 



J. T. Bernard, Florida. 
15 



ii4 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Centennial 

Commission, 

1872-76. 



STANDING COMMITTEES. 



Tariffs and Transportation. 
O. C. French, Mississippi. 
W. H. Parsons, Texas. 
W. F. Prosser, Tennessee. 
J. M. Carey, Wyoming. 
S. M. Shoemaker, Maryland. 
T. W. Osborn, Florida. 
M. V. B. Edgerly, New Hampshire. 

Foreign Affairs. 
J. L. Campbell, Indiana. 
John G Stevens, New Jersey. 
R. H. Lamborn, Wyoming. 
P. A. Lakgey, Montana. 
G. Hillyer, Georgia. 
S. B. Elkins, New Mexico. 
A. J. Sweeney, West Virginia. 

Legislation. 
R. C. McCormick, Arizona. 

E. D. Holton, Wisconsin. 
W. F. Prosser, Tennessee. 

C. W. Moore, Idaho. 

F. W. M. Hoi.LiDAY, Virginia. 
Geo. Hillyer, Georgia. 
Robert Mallory, Kentucky. 

Arts and Sciences. 
J. H. B. Latrobe, Maryland. 
W. W. Folwell, Minnesota. 
S. M. Hobbs, Kentucky. 
Willtam Haydon, Utah. 
L. A. Gobright, District of Columbia. 
John K. Kane, Delaware. 
E. D. Holton, Wisconsin. 

History, Literature, and Popular Education. 

D. ATWOOD, Wisconsin. 

J. F. Williams, Minnesota. 

E. Evans, Washington Territory. 
J. A. Burbank, Dakota. 

G. E. Dodge, Arkansas. 
T. W. Osborn, Florida. 
John H. Rodney, Delaware. 

Agriculture and Live Stock. 
Geo. B. Loring, Massachusetts. 
A. J. DUFUR, Oregon. 
N. C. Meeker, Colorado. 
R. Mallory, Kentucky. 
Wm. Gurney, South Carolina. 
James E. Dexter, District of Columbia. 
L. Weldon, Illinois. 



Horticulture and Floriculture. 
R. LoWRY, Iowa. 
T. H. Coldwell, Tennessee. 
J. W. Haines, Nevada. 

F. C. Johnson, Indiana. 

G. W. Lawrence, Arkansas. 
J. C. Chew, Texas. 

C. R. Gilchrist, Utah. 

Finance. 
Asa Packer, Pennsylvania. 
R. C. Taft, Rhode Island. 
John Lynch, Louisiana. 
T. W. Osborn, Florida. 
Thomas Donaldson, Idaho. 
R. M. Nelson, Alabama. 
Joshua Nye, Maine. 

Ceremonies. 
Geo. E. Dodge, Arkansas. 
Geo. A. Crawford, Kansas. 
J. W. Alrertson, North Carolina. 
R. Peters, Jr., Georgia. 
V. P. Collier, Michigan. - 
C. H. Haskell, Maine. 
Henry Chase, Vermont. 

Classification. 
W. P. Bi AKE, Connecticut. 
N. M. Beckwith, New York. 
S. Hays, Missouri. 

C. P. Kimball, New York. 
J. A. Martin, Kansas. 

E. Penington, Louisiana. 
R. W. Furnas, Nebraska. 

Manufactures. 
O. Cleveland, New Jersey. 

D. J. MoRRELL, Pennsylvania. 

E. A. Straw, New Hampshire. 
W. B. Spooner, Massachusetts. 
W. W. Griffith, Ohio. 
George A. Crawford, Kansas. 
H. S. Moody, Nebraska. 

Commerce. 

F. L. Matthfws, Illinois. 
C. B. Grant, Michigan. 

T. I,. Cooper, Alabama. 

A. J. Dufur, Oregon. 

John McNetl, Missouri. 

A. S. Abernethy, Washington Territory 

John G. Stevens, New Jersey. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



"5 



Mines and Mining. 
W. W. McCoy, Nevadn. 
Thos. Donaldson, Idaho. 
J. D. Creigh, California. 
J. Wasson, Arizona. 
J. M. Paul, Colorado. 
Samuel Hays, Missouri. 
J. P. Woolman, Montana. 



Fisheries and Fish Culture. 
M. Goldsmith, Vermont. 
J. W. Virtue, Oregon. 
C. F. Clarkson, Iowa. 
J. C. Chew, Texas. 
S. L. Spink, Dakota. 
Benj. P. Kooser, California, 
j W. Gurney, South Carolina. 



CREATION OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF 

FINANCE. 



When the Commission had organized, it found itself confronted by Finances, 
serious difficulties, the gravest of which was its entire want of money. 
The Act of Congress creating it had not even provided for the meet- 
ing of its members, whom it required to travel from every portion of 
the country to Philadelphia : it had distinctly stipulated " that no 
compensation for services shall be paid to the Commissioners or 
other officers provided by this Act from the Treasury of the United 
States ; and the United States shall not be liable for any expenses 
attending such Exhibition, or by reason of the same."* The cost of 
the meeting and organization of the Commission had been provided 
by the city of Philadelphia, whose Councils appropriated to the local Oct 26, t8 7 i. 
committee the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars for that purpose. 
The Commission perceived the impropriety of allowing a body created 
for the conduct of a national celebration to become a burden upon the 
hospitality of a single city. They further discovered that the Act of 
Congress made no satisfactory provision enabling them to raise capital 
for the preparation of the Exhibition. They were aware of the popu- 
lar disposition to discredit any enterprise involving the expenditure 
of public moneys ; and they were convinced that popular subscriptions 
would be more readily forthcoming if the stockholders were empow- 
ered to elect the disbursers of the funds. They accordingly declined 
to assume any responsibility for the financial management of the Ex- 
hibition, and intrusted to their Executive Committee the creation of 



* See Section 7 of the Act, Appendix C, page 102. 



u6 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Finances. 



March-April, 

1872. 



an auxiliary body who should take charge of the raising and expendi- 
ture of money. 

After the adjournment of the first session of the Commission, the 
Executive Committee held a session, during which " they were aided 
in their deliberations by the counsel of several members of the Com- 
mission, not members of the Committee, and of many of the foremost 
citizens of the city [of Philadelphia], whose advice was sought and 
secured."* As the result of these conferences, and in order "to give 
the people of the whole country equal opportunity to contribute funds 
for Centennial purposes, place the enterprise upon a fair business foot- 
ing, and to enable those who furnish the means to have a voice in the 
management, with a share of the risks and profits, it was concluded 
to apply to Congress for the charter of a corporation to be called 
the ' Centennial Board of Finance,' which should have power, under 
the direction of the Centennial Commission, to raise ten millions of 
dollars upon the sale of stock, and upon which corporation should be 
devolved all the duties and powers necessary to conduct the work to 
a successful issue. "f The Executive Committee, accordingly, sub- 
mitted to Congress the form of an Act embodying the provisions indi- 
cated, — this form having previously been sent to each Commissioner, 
with a request that he should name for corporators " prominent busi- 
ness men of his State or Territory, of marked purity and intelligence, 
which names, or so far as they were furnished in time, were inserted in 
the bill ; but Congress" — so continues the Report of the Executive 
Committee — "substituted other names for corporators when the bill 
came before it." J The Act, as amended, passed both Houses of 



* See Report of the Executive Committee, May 23, 1872. 

f See last reference. 

% The names of the corporators inserted by Congress are printed in the Act approved 
June I, 1872, Appendix C, page 103. Those named by the Executive Committee, on the 
nomination of the Centennial Commissioners, were as follows : 

Alabama. — Robert M. Patton, Levi W. Lawler, John Reid, John W. Durr, Joseph H. 
Bradley, David P. Lewis, James Fitts, G. T. McAfee. 

Arizona. — Levi Bashford, C. T. Hayden. 

Arkansas. — Frederick Kramer, Charles Miller, H. P. Coolidge. 

California. — William Alvord, Thomas H. Selhy, Peter Donahoe, Tyler Curtis, Richard 
Ogden, Claus Sprekles, John Bidwell, Charles Maclay, Edgar Mills, William C. Ralston, 
A. S. Hallidie, Milton S. Latham, D. Jarrett White. 

Colorado. — Edward M. McCook, Jerome B. Chaffee, James Archer, Henry M. Teller, 
George M. Chillcott, William Gilpin. 

Connecticut. — Ward Cheney, Charles Parker, Charles Benedict, Nathaniel Wheeler, 
John W. Slater, Eli Whitney. 

Dakota. — C. Thompson, S. B. Stough, Albert Smith. 

Delaware. — Job A. Jackson, Washington Jones, Edward Betts, Joshua T. Heald, John 
W. Evans, Abraham Shannon, James H. Russell, John Ponder. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. lY j 

Congress, and was approved by the President;* and it became the Finances. 
duty of the Executive Committee to provide for the organization June '* l8j2 
of the Centennial Board of Finance.f 

District of Columbia.— -H. D. Cooke, A. R. Shepherd, N. B. Fugitt, J. L. Home, John 
O. Evans, R. C. Fox, Moses Kelly. 

Florida. — Ambler D. Griffith, C. Parkhurst, Wm. Curry, J. Brosnahan, A. Hopkins. . 
Georgia. — H. Brigham, G. E. Thomas, Jr., Octavus Cohen, John McDearmid, E. W. 
Croker, S. T. Coleman, J. B. Ross. 

Idaho. — J. W. Griffin, Morgan Morgan. 

Illinois.— Wm. F. Coolbaugh, Norman B. Judd, Wm. B. Ogden, J. M. Adsit, H. O. 
Armour, D. J. Ely, J. W. Bunn, John Williams, George Bruner, Charles Fisher, John C. 
Proctor, L. C. Bull. 

Indiana. — W. C. DePau, John C. Culbertson, H. C. Newcomb, John S. Newman, 
J. P. Siddall. 

Iowa. — B. F. Allen, James F. Wilson, James M. Tuttle. 
Kansas. — John J. Ingalls, C. W. Babcock. 

Loitisiana. — John S. Walton, John G. Gaines, C. H. Slocomb. 

Massachttsetts. — M. F. Dickinson, Jr., John G. Drake, Samuel Abbott Green, Wm. S. 
Appleton, Francis B. Hayes, James Savage, Charles W. Upham, Oliver Wendell Holmes, 
Samuel Foster Haven, Charles Deane, Lorenzo Sabine, Edmund Hamilton Sears, Charles 
Brooks, James Russell Lowell. 

Maine. — Samuel F. Hersey, Charles P. Kimball. 

Maryland. — Enoch Pratt, George E. Franklin, Wm. R. Goodman, James Andrews, 
Horace Abbott, F. L. Brauns, A. S. Abell, Alex. Brown. 

Michigan. — R. A. Alger, J. A. Jerome, George F. Bagley. 
Minnesota. — Russell Blakeley, Dorilus Morrison. 

Missouri. — Wm. G. Elliot, Matthew Foster, C. F. Lohman, Beauvais Reno, Samuel C. 
Davis. 

Mississippi.— A. Warner, John A. Klein, Thos. E. Helm, J. A. Miller, W. J. Sykes. 
Montana. — Frank C. Deimling. 

Nebraska. — Alvin Saunders, John F. Redick, William H. James. 
Nevada.— J. C. Hampton, R. S. Egbert, J. P. Smith, S. Cole, A. W. Campbell. 
Nezu Hampshire. — Samuel W. Hale, Joseph B. Walker. 

Neio Jersey. — Charles S. Olden, John R. Mullaney, Marcus L. Ward, Joel Parker, 
Courtland Parker, Theodore F. Randolph, Alexander G. Cattell, A. S. Hewitt, Benjamin 
G. Clark, Thomas R. McKeen, Jesse E. Peyton, John H. Lyon, Thomas M. Gopsill, D. 
B. Grant, George Peters, William Moore. 

Neiv York. — Wm. H. Appleton, John Taylor Johnston, Moses Taylor, Cornelius Van- 
derbilt, Nathan C. Ely, Samuel J. Tilden, Wm. A. Whitebeck, Henry Sanger, Peter Naylor, 
Wm. M. Vermilye, Henry Clews, Ploward Potter, A. T. Stewart, Wm. B. Astor, Wm. C. 
Fowler, Demas Barnes, John A. Griswold, John Crouse, J. M. Warren, Charles Bliven, S. 
F. Pratt, Sidney Shepard, Homer Ramsdell, Samuel Shether, E. Ketcham, J. F. Terrill, 



* The full text of the Act creating the Centennial Board of Finance is printed in Ap- 
pendix C, page 102. 

f At the second session of the Centennial Commission, in anticipation of the passage 
of the Act, it was (May 28, 1872) " Resolved, That upon said Act becoming a law, the Ex- 
ecutive Committee is hereby instructed and impowered to prescribe the rules and take all 
necessary steps for the organization of said Centennial Board of Finance, in accordance 
with the provisions of said Act." 



H3 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Au| n 27 ) s 'i8 7 2. The Executive Committee, accordingly, adopted rules specifying 
sept, 1872. the manner in which the organization was to be effected ;* invited 
the Centennial Commissioners to name, at as early a day as practica- 
Nov. 10, 1872. bi e) banks or bankers who should act as agents for securing sub- 
scriptions to the stock in each State and Territory ; provided these 
agents with the necessary books and forms of subscription certifi- 

Nov. 21, 1872. ... ,.. . . r iiii • 1 ■ t • 1 

Feb. 28, 1873. cates ; and designated the period of one hundred days within which 
subscriptions would be received preparatory to the election of the 
directors of the Centennial Board of Finance. f The quota of stock 

James Bogardus, Samuel H. Vance, George EL Moore, James Lennox, John B. Moreau, 
Edward L. Henry, C. Baldwin. 

North Carolina. — James B. Hughes, L. H. Adams, James H. Chadbourn, L. A. Hart. 

Pennsylvania. — John Welsh, J. Edgar Thomson, Adolph E. Borie, Morton McMichael, 
William M. Lyon, John O. James, B. F. Jones, Matthew Baird, John Shoenberger, William 
Sellers, A. J. Drexel, George W. Cass, Jay Cooke, Thomas A. Scott, George W. Childs, 
John L. Shoemaker, Edwin H. Filler, William Semple, Robert F. Taylor, William W. 
Harding, Daniel M. Fox, Samuel H. French, James L. Claghorn, James A. Freeman, 
John Price Wetherill, William Frew, J. Vaughan Merrick, William Thaw, John W. For- 
ney, George W. Hill, J. Gillingham Fell, George G. Meade, Charles S. Wood, Frank M. 
Etting, Wm. J. Horstman, Eli K. Price, James Thompson, Alex. M. Fox, Joseph F. To- 
bias, Theodore Cuyler, Franklin B. Gowen, H. F. Kenney, L. M. Thompson, James M. 
Robb, Henry M. Phillips, Henry C. Gibson, Jacob Riegel, William L. Scott, Frank Wells, 
Dr. E. H. Morwitz, Frederick Fraley, A. H. Franciscus, John H. Michener, John Rice, 
F. A. Comly, M. Hall Stanton, Thomas H. Powers, Conrad S. Grove, Samuel M. Felton, 
Joseph Wharton, Henry C. Carey, A. L. Crawford, Charles H. Stinson, Dr. Joshua T. 
Jones, Joshua B. Lippincott. 

Rhode Island.— William S. Slater, Albert S. Gallup, Ambrose E. Burnside, Seth Padel- 
ford, Amos C. Barstow, James T. Smith. 

South Carolina. — George W. Williams, Andrew Simonds, D. T. Corbin, L. D. Childs, 
R. K. Scott, C. W. W. Dudley, H. P. Hammett, Thomas J. Pickins, Reuben Tomlinson. 

Tennessee. — Oliver P. Temple, Edmund Cooper, Henry G. Smith, Wm. H. Brown, W. 
M. Farrington, R. W. McClellen, R. S.Jones. 

Texas.— W. Jockusch, H. Rosenberg, J. P. Davie, T. T. House, W. J. Hutchins. 

Utah.— Samuel S. Walker, John P. Taggart. 

Vermont. — Horace Fairbanks, Lawrence Barnes, James Saxe, Joel Fletcher, D. Taft, 
Stephen L. Herri ck. 

Virginia. — Wms. C. Wickham, Joseph R. Anderson, J. G. Cecil, Hugh Blair Grigsby, 
J. E. Roller, John B. Minor, A. B. Cochran, Edward Mayo, Barton Haxall, Peter V. 
Daniel, Jr. 

West Virginia. — Lewis Applegate, James McCluney, O. C. Dewey, J. N. Camden, 
John Hall, John P. Hale, Allen T. Carpenton, Charles J. Faulkner, Benton Despard. 

Wisconsin.— C. C. Washburn, Alexander Mitchell, Philetus Sawyer, John Lawler, D. 
A. Baldwin, James H. Howe, C. G. L. Meyers, James Campbell. 

Wyoming Territory. — John A. Campbell, Stephen F. Nuckolls, Frank Walcott, Wm. 
T. Jones, William A. Carter, Edwin Dawson, Luther Fillmore, Orlando North, George 
W. Corey. 

* The full text of the rules, as subsequently amended, is printed in Appendix B, 
page 30. 

-j- The work of equipping the agents with their books and attending to their correspond- 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



II 9 



to which each State and Territory was entitled to subscribe, in pro- Finances. 

portion to its population, and the amount actually taken by each 

before the close of the hundred days, were as follows: Feb. 28, i8 73 . 



No. 


State or Territory 


Population. 


Quota 
in Shares. 


Quota 
in Dollars. 


Shares 
Subscribed. 


I 


New York 


. 4,382,759 


113,666 


#1,136,660 




2 


Pennsylvania 


• 3,521,95! 


91,341 


9 J 3,4io 


71,263* 


3 


Ohio 


. 2,665,260 


69,123 


691,230 


22 


4 


Illinois 


• 2,539,891 


65,871 


658,710 




5 


Missouri . 


. 1,721,295 


44,641 


446,410 


6 


6 


Indiana . • , • 


. 1,680,637 


43,587 


435,870 


29 


7 


Massachusetts . 


• 1,457,351 


37,796 


377,960 




8 


Kentucky 


• I,32I,0H 


34,260 


342,600 




9 


Tennessee 


. 1,258,520 


32,639 


326,390 




10 


Virginia . 


. 1,225,163 


31,774 


317,740 




11 


Iowa 


. 1,194,020 


3°,9 6 7 


309,670 




12 


Georgia . 


. 1,184,109 


30,710 


307,100 




13 


Michigan 


. 1,184,059 


30,708 


307,080 


9 


H 


North Carolina 


. 1,071,361 


27,785 


277,850 




15 


Wisconsin 


. 1,054,670 


27,353 


273,530 


4i 


16 


Alabama . 


996,992 . 


25,854 


258,540 


32 


17 


New Jersey 


906,096 


23,499 


234,990 


135 


18 


Mississippi 


827,922 


21,472 


214,720 




19 


Texas 


• 818,579 


21,230 


212,300 




20 


Maryland 


780,894 


20,252 


202,520 


36 


21 


Louisiana . . 


726,915 


18,852 


188,520 




22 


South Carolina . 


705,606 


18,300 


183,000 




23 


Maine . . . . . 


626,915 


16,258 


162,580 




24 


California 


560,247 


i4,53o 


i45,3oo 


117 


25 


Connecticut . . . 


537,454 


13,939 


139,390 




26 


Arkansas 


484,471 


12,565 


125.650 


2 


27 


West Virginia . 


442,014 


11,464 


114,640 


... 


28 


Minnesota 


439,706 


11,404 


114,040 





ence was very serious. In the words of the report of the Temporary Secretary, Mr. Lewis 
Wain Smith (May 7, 1873), "Some idea of the magnitude of the work can be formed 
from the fact that there were one thousand seven hundred and fourteen agents located in 
different parts of the country, and that there were printed for distribution to them no less 
than two hundred thousand scrip subscription blanks, in addition to subscription-books, 
blanks for making returns, etc. The forwarding of these required a separate clerical force, 
as well as the entering in the proper record of the names of the various individual sub- 
scribers to the stock. The time for the performance of this labor was so brief that the 
employes were often compelled to work far into the night, as well as during the day, to 
accomplish the task in time. The amount of the postage-account bears testimony to the 
extent of the matter prepared for mailing. So great, at times, was the pressure upon the 
post-office to receive, cancel the stamps, and forward the matter which the Commission 
sent, that, at the request of the postmaster, the mail was divided and sent at specified 
hours, in order that the immense quantities deposited at one time should not interfere with 
the regular service." 

*Of the 71,263 shares above credited to Pennsylvania, 69,864 were taken in Phila- 
delphia. 



120 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Finances 



No. State or Territory 

29 Kansas 

30 Vermont . 

31 New Hampshire 

32 Rhode Island . 
22 Florida . 

34 District of Columbia 

35 Delaware 

36 Nebraska 

37 New Mexico . 

38 Oregon 

39 Utah 

40 Nevada . 

41 Colorado . 

42 Washington 

43 Montana . 

44 Idaho 

45 Dakota 

46 Arizona . 

47 Wyoming 



POPULATION. 

364,399 
330,551 
318,300 

217,353 
187,748 
131,700 
125,015 

122,993 
91,874 
90,923 
86,786 
42,491 
39,864- 
23,955 
2o,595 
14,999 
14,181 
9,658 



Quota 

in bHARES. 

9,45° 

8,573 
8,255 
5,637 
4,869 

3,4i7 
3,242 
3,190 
2,383 
2,359 
2,251 
1,102 

1,034 
621 

534 
3S9 
368 
250 
236 



Quota Shakes 

in Dollars. Subscribed. 

#94,500 

85,730 

82,550 

56,370 IO 

48,690 25 

34,170 

32,420 26 

31,900 5 

23,830 

23,590 412 

22,510 

II,020 

10,340 

6,210.. 

5,340' 2 

3,890 

3,680 

2,500 102 

2,360 



38,558,371 1,000,000 $10,000,000 72,274 



March 
1873. 



April 22. 



Centennial 
Board of 
Finance, 
April 22, 1 



After the close of the hundred days the Centennial Commission, 
by its President and Secretary, issued a call to the corporators and 
other subscribers to the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, for 
a meeting at Concert Hall, Philadelphia, for the purpose of electing 
a Board of Directors to serve for one year. The meeting was duly 
held ; the Centennial Commission nominated, in compliance with the 
terms of the Act of Congress,* one hundred stockholders, from whom 
twenty-five Directors were to be elected. At the close of the elec- 
tion the Board of Directors was found to have been chosen as 
follows : 



873. 



Benj. F. Allen, of Iowa. 
W. H. Appleton, of New York. 
J. S. Barbour, of Virginia. 
C. M. Biddle, of Philadelphia. 
A. D. Bullock, of Ohio. 
T. Cochran, of Philadelphia. 
C. W. Cooper, of Allentown, Pa. 
J. Cummings, of Massachusetts. 
S. M. Felton, of Philadelphia. 



E. H. Fitler, of Philadelphia. 
D. M. Fox, of Philadelphia. 
J. Gorham, of Rhode Island. 
H. C. Lea, of Philadelphia. 
W. V. McKean, of Philadelphia. 
J. Patterson, of Philadelphia. 
R. M. Patton, of Alabama. 
J. M. Robb, of Philadelphia. 
Wm. Sellers, of Philadelphia. 



* See Section 4 of the Act, Appendix C, page 108. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



121 



N. P. Shortridge, of Philadelphia. 
E. T. Steel, of Philadelphia. 
J. E. Thomson, of Philadelphia. 



C. C. Washburn, of Wisconsin. Board of 

r i nance. 

John. Welsh, of Philadelphia. 
J. Wharton, of Philadelphia. 



A. S. Hewitt, of New Jersey. 

The Board was soon organized by the election of officers, and, after 
filling vacancies caused by the death or resignation of members, was 
as follows ; 

President. — John Welsh, Philadelphia. 

Vice-Presidents. 
William Sellers, Philadelphia. 
John S. Barbour, Virginia. 



J. Cummings, Massachusetts. 
J. Gorham, Rhode Island. 

A. S. Hewitt, New Jersey. 
T. H. Dudley, New Jersey. 

C. W. Cooper, Pennsylvania. 
S. M. Felton, Pennsylvania. 
R. M. Patton, Alabama. 

B. F. Allen, Iowa. 

D. M. Fox, Philadelphia. 
Jos. Patterson, Philadelphia. 



Directors. 

E. H. Fitler, Philadelphia. 
Thos. Cochran, Philadelphia. 
N. P. Shortridge, Philadelphia. 
J. M. Robb, Philadelphia. 
E. T. Steel, Philadelphia. 
C. M. Biddle, Philadelphia. 
J. Wanamaker, Philadelphia. 
J. P. W t etherill, Philadelphia. 
Fairman Rogers, Philadelphia. 



i Henry Winsor, Philadelphia. 

Secretary and Treasurer. — Frederick Fraley, Philadelphia. 
Auditor. — H. Seymour Lansing, Philadelphia. 

The Centennial Commission soon afterwards held its third session, 
during which the relative rights and duties of that body and the 
Board of Finance were determined in a conference between com- May 3 , 1S73 
mittees representing the two bodies. 



16 



I22 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



WORK OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



Work of Until the organization of the Centennial Board of Finance the 

°™ m,sslon ' Centennial Commission was without means to enter upon the dis- 
charge of the duties imposed upon it. The liberality of the city of 

Oct. 26,1871. Philadelphia had provided, as has already been mentioned, $25,000 to 
cover the cost of its first meeting and organization. When the con- 
tinued failure of Congress to make an appropriation in behalf of the 
Exhibition left the Commission without funds to meet its current ex- 
penses, the Philadelphia Councils again came to its aid and placed at 

Nov. 4 . 1872. its disposal $50,000, for the purpose of paying " the current and inci 
dental expenses of the United States Centennial Commission, and of 
opening books of subscription in the several States and Territories, 
and organizing the Centennial Board of Finance."* From these funds 
the imperative expenses of the Commission were met, until the organ- 

Aprii 22, 1873. Nation of the Board of Finance afforded legitimate resources for the 
prosecution of its duties. 

Nevertheless, during this initial period the work imposed upon the 
representatives of the Commission at Philadelphia — its Executive 
Committee, Executive Commissioner, and Temporary Secretary — 
vvas varied and arduous. It involved (1) the work of the Commission 
preparatory to the Exhibition, (2) the organization of the Centennial 
Board of Finance, and (3) co-operation with the Citizens' Centennial 
Finance Committee of Philadelphia in promoting stock subscriptions. 
1. As to the labors of the Centennial Commission in preparation 

Preparations . . . 

for Exhibition, for the Exhibition, committees had been appointed at its first session 
upon the plans and architecture of the Exhibition buildings and upon 
the classification of the exhibits; and these committees made what 
progress was possible with the subjects intrusted to them. The ex- 
ecutive officers of the Commission at this time found that nothing 
required more urgent attention than the informing of the general 
public as to the nature of the Centennial Celebration and Exhibition; 
and this they essayed to do by the dissemination of circular addresses 
to societies and associations of various descriptions, to the clergy 

* From the title of the city ordinance. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 12 \ 

and other professions, by the publication of newspaper articles, and work of 
through similar instrumentalities.* • 1%™™™°"' 

2. The organization of the Centennial Board of Finance at the Organizing 

•11 r ti • • iii Board of 

earliest day possible was of prime importance. I his involved the Finance, 
preparation of the rules to be followed in its organization, and their 
distribution among the corporators and subscription agents — the 
latter 1714 in number — in all parts of the country; and with most of 
these individual correspondences had to be maintained, while all were 
furnished with scrip, subscription-books, blank forms for returns, and 
other printed forms. f These preliminaries were successfully accom- 
plished, and the Board organized as detailed in the last chapter. 

3. The work done by the Citizens' Centennial Finance Committee, Citizens' 
largely through the medium of the Centennial Commission, was of Commmee= 
the most diversified kind. This Committee was originated in com- 
pliance with a resolution passed at the meeting of the Pennsylvania Nov. 2, 1872. 
Corporators of the Centennial Board of Finance, " That the corpora- 
tors residing within the limits of the city of Philadelphia be consti- 
tuted a Committee with power to add to their number, whose duty it 

shall be to take such measures as in their judgment may seem best 
toward obtaining subscriptions to the stock of the Centennial Board 
of Finance." This Committee soon organized, appointing "a Sub- Nov. 18, is 75 
Committee of Twenty Five for the purpose of preparing and reporting 
a plan of action for popularizing the subscription to the stock of the 
Centennial Fund in Philadelphia, and to secure subscriptions among 
the various trade interests of the city;" and there was also appointed 
a Citizens' Centennial Finance Committee of Three Hundred, under 
which there were named sub-committees — 178 in number — represent- 
ing the various trades, occupations, professions, and social and busi- 
ness interests. Stated meetings were regularly held of these Com- 
mittees, of their chairmen, and of the Executive Committee of the 

* Reprints of the circulars issued at this time, together with a selection of such official 
documents as illustrate the administration of the Exhibition throughout, are given in Ap- 
pendix B, page 16. In evidence of the work of this kind done between the close of the 
second session of the Commission (May 29, 1872) and the meeting of the fourth session 
(May 7, 1873), it deserves note that there were issued 
15,000 copies of an address to the clergy, 
10,000 copies of addresses to industrial associations, 
10,000 copies of addresses to instructors in schools and colleges, 
10,000 copies of addresses to city, State, and national officers, 
130,000 copies of an address to the people of the United States. 
Similar items of literary and clerical labor have been mentioned in a previous note (pages 
12, 13), and others will be referred to in future pages. 

f The cost of postage during this period (May 29, 1872, to May 7, 1873) was $2283.66. 
The items of stationery, priming, telegraphing, and advertising amounted to $16,067.09. 



124 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1876. 



Work of Citizens' Centennial Finance Committee; and a system was organized 
ig OI ™' sslon ' which provided for the personal solicitation of subscriptions from 
citizens' every business and social class in Philadelphia, and caused merchants, 

bankers, church officials, and other influential persons to address to 
their correspondents throughout Pennsylvania letters enlisting their 
co operation. The subscriptions thus directly secured were of high 
importance; but there were special financial exigencies at this junc- 
ture which rendered indispensable such efforts as were made by the 
Citizens' Committees. The terms of the Act of Congress authorizing 
the Exhibition had specified that, whenever the Governor of Pennsyl- 
vania should notify the President of the United States that provision 
had been made for the erection of the Exhibition buildings, the Pres- 
ident should announce the Exhibition to foreign nations, and solicit 
their participation.* Until this could be accomplished the interna- 
tional feature of the Exhibition had not even a theoretical existence ; 
and the unavoidable delays involved in the legislation by Congress 
had already proved so great as to occasion serious doubts whether 
the arrangements for the Exhibition could be perfected in season. f 
Thus it was essential that every means should be essayed to hasten 
the subscription of funds sufficient to erect the buildings ; and while 
the Committees labored hard to dispose of shares of the stock, they 
also addressed themselves to securing substantial aid from the city 
and State treasuries. 

To this end a deputation comprising representatives of the Execu- 
Finances. tj ve Committee of the Centennial Commission, the Citizens' Com- 
mittees, the Committee of Philadelphia Councils, and the Fairmount 
Park Commission, met the Senate and House of the General Assembly 
of Pennsylvania in joint session at Harrisburg, explained to them the 
Jan. 28, 1873. benefits to accrue to the State and the nation from the Exhibition, and 
the assurance of its success which would be afforded by their prompt 
February. appropriation of $1,000,000 in its aid. Memorials were immediately 



* See Section 8 of the Act, Appendix C, page 102. 

•j- The first action of Philadelphia Councils soliciting Congressional sanction of the Ex- 
hibition was on January 20, 1870. The bill was introduced in Congress February 24, 1870. 
The opposition there offered delayed its approval until March 3, 1871. The terms of the 
Act as passed precluded the organization of the Centennial Commission within a year of 
its passage — before March 4, 1872. Necessity then arose for creating the Board of Finance, 
and the Act for that purpose — approved June I, 1872 — required a term of 100 days before 
the election of directors, during which subsciiptions might be made to the stock of the 
Board; so that its organization could not be effected before April 22, 1873. More than 
three years had thus passed, since the first action, before the Commission had any command 
of money wherewith to discharge the duties imposed upon it, and only three years remained 
wherein to complete the preparations for the Exhibition.. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 1 25 

circulated and numerously signed in all parts of Pennsylvania, praying Work of the 
the Legislature to take this action, as were others, in Philadelphia, l8 °^' ssl 
urging an appropriation by the City Councils of $500,000 for the same Finances. 
purpose. Councils promptly made the grant desired of them ; but in Feb. 22, i8 7? . 
the Legislature the measure encountered not only the opposition usu- 
ally offered to a money-bill, but the special local hostility of legislators 
and others who imagined that the Philadelphians purposed erecting, 
under the guise of a Memorial Hall, a building suitable for use as 
legislative chambers, and thereby facilitating the removal of the State 
capital from Harrisburg to Philadelphia. This opposition, however, 
was overcome by the manifestations of public sentiment in the numer- 
ously signed memorials and the public meetings held in every quarter 
in behalf of the Exhibition, and especially by an immense mass-con- Feb. 22, i8 73 . 
vention at Philadelphia in which eminent speakers from all parts of 
the country participated, w r hile the public announcement of the large 
amounts of stock subscribed, and the full reports published by the 
newspapers generally, awakened a wider interest in the Centennial 
Celebration than had ever previously been manifested. At last the 

Legislature passed and the Governor approved a bill appropriating March2 7. 

1873. 
$1,000,000 "for the erection of a permanent Centennial building in 

Fairmount Park, which shall remain perpetually as the property of 
the people of the Commonwealth for their improvement and enjoy- 
ment."* 

These two appropriations of $1,500,000 from Pennsylvania and 
Philadelphia, together with stock subscriptions amounting to $722,- 
740 made previously to the organization of the Board of Finance, 
justified the Governor in notifying the President that the requisite 
provision for the buildings had been made. This he did ; and — on June 24 , 1873. 
the occasion of the formal transfer of the Exhibition grounds to the Jui y4 
Centennial Commission, in the presence of representatives of the 
National Government — the Secretary of the Navy made public the 
President's proclamation announcing and commending to the people President 

. „ r . is ., . . , proclaims the 

of the United States and all nations the International Exhibition and Exhibition. 
Centennial Celebration. f Copies of the proclamation and of the 
General Regulations of the Exhibition were immediately transmitted, Julys, 1873. 

* The full text of the Act is printed in Appendix D, page 204. It should be noted, 
however, that it included a provision that the State Treasury should be reimbursed by a 
special tax laid upon the Philadelphia street-railway companies; and this proved so objec- 
tionable that at the next session of the Legislature a supplementary bill had to be passed 
doing away with the obnoxious feature. For the latter Act (approved May 14, 1874), see 
Appendix D, page 210. 

f For the proclamation and documents issued accompanying it, see Appendix B, Form 
53, page 47. 



126 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Work of the 
Commission, 

l8 7 2-' 3 . 

Preparations 
for the 
Exhibition. 



May 9. 



May 12, 1873. 



May-No v. 



Oct. 



with a letter from the Secretary of State, to the diplomatic represen- 
tatives of all nations. 

The Centennial Commission was at last enabled — by the organiza- 
tion of the Board of Finance and the governmental proclamation of 
the Exhibition to all nations — to take direct steps toward the prepara- 
tions for the Exhibition. In order to secure the prompt and efficient 
administration of its business at Philadelphia, the Commission had 
created, at its fourth session, the office of Director- General, to which 
Mr. Alfred T. Goshorn, Commissioner for Ohio, had been unanimously 
elected by the Executive Committee and invested with full executive 
control of the affairs of the Commission, subject to the approval of 
the Executive Committee. It was, however, deemed expedient that 
the Director-General should spend the summer in studying the Inter- 
national Exhibition at Vienna ;* so that it was not until autumn that 
he assumed the duties of his office. Thenceforward the preparations 
for the Exhibition and the organizing of its several departments were 
conducted under his immediate supervision, and are described in his 
own report. 



* Mr. W. P. Blake, Alternate Commissioner for Connecticut, and Mr. Henry Pettit, 
C. E., also visited Vienna as special agents of the Commission. Their reports upon the 
International Exhibition of 1873 are printed in the Appendix to the third Report of the 
Centennial Commission to the President (Feb. 23, 1874: Senate, Ex. Doc, No. 30,43d 
Congress, 1st session), pages 109-278, and 279-320. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. l2 y 



THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE. 



In organizing the departments of the Exhibition there were de- Duties. 
volved upon the Secretary the printing of circulars for the information 
of the public, the charge of all official publications, — including those 
of the regulations for home and foreign exhibitors, — the printing of 
all matter issued by the central offices and bureaus of administration, 
the supervision of the work confided to the State Boards of Centen- 
nial Managers and to the managers of the Department of Education, 
also the payment of the expenses of the officers of administration. 
These duties were discharged by the Temporary Secretary, Mr. Lewis 
Wain Smith, from the organization of the Centennial Commission 
until June, 1873, when the charge of the office was assumed by 
myself. 

In the execution of these labors were employed the following Employ. 
officers and assistants: 

EMPLOYEES IN THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE. 



Pierce C. De Sauque, Chief Clerk. 
Wilfred Patterson, Cashier. 
William H. Landell, Mail Clerk. 
Robert S. Fletcher, File Clerk. 
John C. Foulkrod, Record Clerk. 
Jas. S. Patterson, Lithographer and Clerk. 



Moses F. Lobo, Reporter. 
A. C. Adamson, Clerk. 
Overton Bernard, Clerk. 
John Hussey, Messenger. 
James Lafferty, Messenger. 



EMPLOYEES IN CATALOGUE DEPARTMENT. 



Littleton Long, Jr., 

Thomas C. Lombard, y Chief Clerks. 

E. L. Townsend, 

Richard Nixon, Clerk. 

Joseph Barbiere, Clerk. 



; ! 



Wm. S. Irwin, Clerk. 

J. C. Quiggle, Clerk. 

Max Stern, Clerk. 

Joseph Wulff, and others temporarily. 

George Hussey, Messenger. 



Assistant-Secretary Myer Asch acted chiefly as the private secretary 
of the Director-General, and in the intercourse with foreign Commis- 
sioners ; and Assistant-Secretary Dorsey Gardner in the preparation 
of the Classification and Official Catalogue and the various pub- 
lications relating to the Exhibition. 

The Chief Clerk, Mr. P. C. De Sauque, conducted most of the 
correspondence, and had supervision of the clerical work in the 
office; Messrs. W. Patterson, Cashier, R. S. Fletcher, File Clerk, and 



I2 8 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

William H. Landell, Mail Clerk, also filled responsible and exacting 
positions. 

Correspond- The records of this office show that, from the time of its organiza- 
tion, in March, 1872, until the close of the Exhibition, in November, 
1876, there were sent out about 500,000 packages of mail matter, 
while above 75,000 were received.* A large proportion of the letters, 
documents, and circulars which it was necessary to issue during the 
preparation and continuance of the Exhibition passed through the 
office of the Secretary; yet this number, large as it is, by no means 
represents the work done in connection with the Exhibition, for the 
Secretary's office had no charge of the very large mail matter of the 
Centennial Board of Finance, of the Women's Department, or of 
the Bureaus of Administration from the time of their separate organi- 
zation until the close of the Exhibition. After that time there came 
the notifications to exhibitors who had received awards, and the dis- 
tribution of diplomas and of medals. As there were 7700 foreign 
exhibitors who obtained awards, and 5400 home exhibitors,— who 
each required from 4 to 6 communications of letters, circulars, 
diplomas, and medals, — about 70,000 packages were sent by mail 
and express on this account. Beside this, many cable dispatches, 
telegrams, and communications by private messengers were required. 
The total of messages and parcels sent from this office was therefore 
about 600,000, while those sent in the entire administration of the 
Exhibition must have been as much as 1,300,000. 

Postal service. The accounts of the U. S. Government Post-office established within 
the Exhibition grounds show that, during the period of the Exhibi- 
tion, there were received for delivery 1,555,255 parcels of mail matter, 
and that 1,580,617 were mailed, f Most of these, of course, were 
not connected with the offices of the Exhibition. 

Educational Special charge of the collective educational exhibitions made by 

exhibits. the several States was confided to the Secretary, who matured their 

details after correspondence or conference with the Commissioners 
and educational officers of Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, 
Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Nebraska, Rhode Island, New 
Hampshire, Illinois, Maine, Iowa, Missouri, Maryland, Minnesota, 
and Pennsylvania, and with the representatives of a large number of 
institutions and organizations devoted to scientific, technical, learned, 
art, religious, and charitable purposes. The space allotted to this 
department included eligible locations in the spacious South and 
East galleries of the Main Exhibition building and in certain of the 
buildings erected by individual States. The collective exhibit made 

* See Exhibit A, page 130. f See Exhibit B, page 132. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



129 



by the United States Department of Education was specially arranged 
for with General John Eaton, the Superintendent of the Department. 

The intercourse of the Commission with the Boards of Centennial state Boards. 
Managers for the several States, and the arrangement of the special 
celebrations provided by many of them, were conducted through this 
office, and involved much care and correspondence during the time 
of preparing for the Exhibition and throughout its continuance. 

The By-laws of the Commission required the Secretary to act also Finances. 
as its Treasurer, and through his hands passed all moneys disbursed 
on behalf of the members, officers, and employees of the "Centennial 
Commission and the immediate expenses of the general Bureaus of 
Administration. The cost of the preliminary plans for the build- 
ings, of their erection, of the preparation and care of the grounds, 
also the expenses of several of the Bureaus after their separate or- 
ganization, were met directly by the Centennial Board of Finance, as 
were those attending the preparation and distribution of awards, 
diplomas, and medals to exhibitors, and other outlays incident to the 
conclusion of the affairs of the Exhibition. The items thus expended 
by the Board of Finance are stated in its own report. 

The financial system pursued in payments through this office was 
as follows: the Secretary furnished to the Board of Finance a monthly 
requisition for the estimated expenses of the ensuing month, and a 
monthly return for amounts paid out, with vouchers accounting' for 
each item. The sums thus accounted -for were as follows: 





Z 


a 




> A 




u 









fc* 




k w 




a 










w > 












H 


Z Q 










s 


u 


as* 
§2 

°2 


w 

i/T 
M 
in 
Z 






U 

Z z 


J 






v- g 
















in 


z 


g 
w z 


X 

w 

w 
u 


zoo 
r x z 
z£5S 


w 

K 


H 
w 
u 
z 



H 
>< 




w 


ft* 


h 


K 1-1 ^ 


J 


w 




< 




<5 


W 


O 


P-, 


in 


< 


> 


^73 


#5,890.70 
3,726.18 

1,101.69 

3,307.11 


$2,041.81 
2,952.63 
7,480.88 

33,269.61 


$2,111.67 
2,842.89 
8,479-*3 

13,515-23 


$6,063.45 


#15,743-74 
24,385.05 
5i,234-58 
90,284.14 


$8,905-33 
5,092.77 
2,618.69 


$40,756.70 

49,705-57 
96,085.77 
144,482.85 


1874 




25,170.80 
4,106.76 


^76 






Total, 1873-76 


$14,025.68 


#45,744-93 


#26,948.92 


$46,047.06 


$181,647.51 


$16,616.79 


#331,030.89 



A detailed statement of monthly expenses from May, 1873, to 
December, 1876, is appended.* 

* See Exhibit C, page 134. 
17 



130 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



EXHIBIT A. 



MAIL MATTER OF THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE. 



■872. 



August .... 

September 

October. 

Total for 1872, 111,985 



Documents 

sent. 

700 

2,400 

. 9,650 



November 
December 



Documents 

sent. 
. 19,074 
. 8o,l6l 



1873- 



January.... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October.... 
November. 
December. 

Total 



RECEIVED. 



Letters. 



176 

215 
335 
312 

393 
322 
435 
291 
298 
332 
210 
35o 



3,669 



Documents. 



SENT. 



Letters. 



2,584 
696- 
335 
286 
361 
7*3 
377 
490 
39 6 
393 
368 

445 



Documents. 



19. 47 8 

I 5.2H 

11,001 



1,103 
9,616 
3.6i5 
5,759 
2,732 
792 
756 



71,607 



Total for 1873, 83,065. 



;8 7 4- 



January.... 
February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October .... 
November. 
December. 

Total 



RECEIVED. 



Letters. 



Total for 1874, 85,902. 



420 
320 

280 
308 
264 
282 
3 2 7 
340 
647 
646 
589 
628 



Documents. 



647 



SENT. 



Letters. 



454 
272 
3i7 
466 
294 
243 
340 
5i8 
382 
275 
321 

413 



4,295 



Documents. 



1,481 

1,065 

1,175 

862 

1,287 

822 

9,829 

17,750 

24,152 

8,643 

4,606 

4,237 



75,909 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 
1875. 



131 



RECEIVED. 



Letters. 



January.... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

J^y 

August 

September 
October.... 
November. 
December. 

Total 



608 
845 
890 
,191 

,058 
,088 

,589 
791 

,884 
,982 
.065 



Documents. 



SENT. 



Letter 



Documents. 



279 

479 

483 

610 

1,380 

1,004 

1,039 

1,765 

2,014 

2,761 

3,130 

4,094 



[9,038 



1,996 
3,787 
2,993 
6,324 
3,o34 
2,252 

3,467 
2,323 
7,789 
9,064 
6,452 



Total for 1875, 9°>434- 



1876. 



January.... 
February.. 
March..!... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .. . 
September 

October 

November. 
December. 

Total 



RECEIVED. 



SENT. 



Letters. 



4,651 
4,777 
7,607 
8,875 
4,821 
2,485 
1,415 
1,239 
1,740 
3,471 



Documents. 



45,787 



Letters. 



4,797 
5,656 
10,194 
6,569 
6,012 
5,982 
3,i5i 
5,824 
4,604 
7,757 
3,966 
3,496 



Documents. 



3,78i 
2,279 
4,577 
7,422 
2,901 
2,904 
1,238 
1,148 
1,216 
2,506 



33,874 



Total for 1876, 148,468. 



SUMMARY. 





RECEIVED. 


SENT. 


Letters. 


Documents. 


Letters. 


Documents. 










111,985 
71,607 
75,909 
52,479 
33,874 




3,669 

5,051 

io,473 

45,787 


345 
647 
444 
799 


7,444 
4,295 
19,038 
68,008 




" " 1875 


" " 1876 




Total 


72,980 


2,235 


98,785 


345,854 





Total for 1872-76, 519,854. 



13- 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1S76. 



EXHIBIT B. 



THE CENTENNIAL POST-OFFICE. 



In the section of the United States Government Building devoted to the Post-Office 
Department was established a branch of the Philadelphia office, which exhibited the 
ordinary operations of a post-office of the first class. Information furnished by Mr. 
George W. Fairman, then Postmaster of Philadelphia, gives the following details of its 
work. 

Ten letter-carriers and seven clerks were employed ; the carriers and clerks being placed 
on duty only as they were required until the Exhibition was opened on May 10. Hourly 
exchanges of mails were made between the Centennial branch and the main office by five 
wagons, built expressly for the purpose. Fifty ornamental pedestal letter-boxes were 
located throughout the grounds and buildings, from which the carriers made hourly col- 
lections. An official statement of the business transacted at the Centennial Post-office is as 
follows : 



MAIL MATTER DELIVERED. 



March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 

Total 



1,527 
17,075 
47 5 5o 
84,033 
86,554 
97,472 
107,728 
121,976 
70,171 



633,586 



669 
5,66o 
5,883 
3o,795 
27,461 
27,586 
26,021 
27,671 
19,335 



171,081 



1,150 
6,488 
13,146 
14,637 
14,885 
19,670 
22,928 
10,896 



103,908 



144 
1,368 
5,883 
10,039 
11,114 
10,913 
12,024 
11,295 
7,645 



70,425 



439 
4,834 
35,957 
76,186 
80,018 
100,150 
104,916 
112,681 
61,074 



576,255 



Total number of pieces, 1,555,255. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 
MAIL MATTER COLLECTED. 



133 



March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October.... 
November. 

Total 



906 
14,168 
45,049 

93,959 
106,294 
121,807 
133,072 
i44,9 6 3 

70,302 



554 
4,878 
14,910 
3i,57i 
30,477 
33,388 
34,595 
35,358 
19,468 



730,820 205,199 295,687 348,91 



2,506 
9,7i3 

26,657 
30,810 
40,442 
59,743 
89,618 

35,997 



6,775 

14,517 
38,378 
50,970 
60,711 
73,642 
7 I ,9 6 5 
31,815 



Total number of pieces, 1,580,617. 

The whole number of pieces delivered and collected within the Centennial grounds 
was 3,135,872. 

Registered letters mailed, 2255. Registered letters delivered, 2047. 



MONEY ORDERS ISSUED. 



March, April, May 
June 

J«iy 

August 

September 

October 

November 

Total 



DOMESTIC. 



Number. 



212 

564 
544 
5i8 
734 

595 



3,485 



$4,012.08 
11,280.62 
10,555.60 
10,802.09 

16,389.73 
14,071.79 

7,59 I - 2 3 



$74,703-i4 



FOREIGN. 



Number. 



$324.70 
566.25 
480.00 
326.95 
596.37 
676.63 
3 J 3-75 



$3,284.70 



Total number of orders, 3647. Value, $77,987.84. 

MONEY ORDERS PAID. 



March, April, May 
Tune 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

Total 



DOMESTIC. 



Number. 



95 

«67 

176 
249 
221 
163 



1,092 



Amount. 



$230.90 
2,476.90 
4,3i3.79 
4,425-84 
6,483.29 
5,184.36 
3,367-77 



$26,482.85 



FOREIGN. 



Number. 



Amount. 



$53-52 
10.00 
65-17 



276.90 
103.70 
167.66 



$676.95 



Total number of orders, 1121. Value, $27,159.80. 

There were 680,000 stamped envelopes of the special Centennial design retailed at the 
branch office, and the total sales of postage stamps, etc., amounted to $49,329.60. 



134 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



EXHIBIT C. 



EXPENDITURES THROUGH THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE. 



FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1873. 



May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 
December. 



Total. 



Z en 

w 9 
w § 

£3 



$4,234-15 



439-45 



$4,673 60 



s ° 

CJ w 



$97-7i 
97.20 
18.75 

279. TO 
242.86 
484.38 



82I.8I 



$2,04I.8T 



$717.10 
500.00 



$I,2I7.IO 



$272. 

559 
310 

193 
275 
266 



52,111.67 



X v 
ft w 

< J 



PL, X . 

ft U 

s « 

z 2 "> 



$1,586 78 

288.90 

I,36l.55 

27.60 

262.16 

650.92 



32.74 



$4,210.65 



*8 

if 

.PL, 

K" -, 

K (A) 

W ft 

2§ 

H 



$460.27 
108.90 
3 7-38 
488.45 
288.69 
199.20 



$1,852.$ 



1,952 
1,683 
1,683 
1,720 
2,269 
2,564 
2,748 



$15,743-74 



> 
u 
2 
H 
O 
< 
«! 
Z 

z 
a 

> 


Z 
O 

H 
U 
H 
hJ 

O 
U 

<! 
H 

z 


$2,500.00 
500.00 












500.00 

2,405-33 
1,500.00 


$1,500.00 










$7,4o5-33 


$1,500.00 



10,756.58 
3,111.46 
4,523-26 
2,409.74 
4,726.85 

6,574- 
4,620. 
4,o34-58 



$40,756.70 



FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1874. 



January 

February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October 

November. 
December.. 



Total. 



z m 



$3,075-93 



650.25 



$3,726. 



ftPH 



s g 


s° 


O h 


O H 


H 


M £ 


>s 


H g 


R 


w^ 1 


X 


w 


$285.80 


156.40 


486.51 


243.06 


104.20 


30.00 


120.92 


575-28 


461.75 


1/4.46 


55-75 


318.50 



52,952.63 



$7.00 



4,942.66 



$4,949.66 



R8 



$2,842 



< J 



< H 

2 2 <" 

C W w 



$2 . 
296 



83-15 



746 
640 
808. 
362, 

509 



$4,183.53 



$42.40 



66.20 
92.63 



93.10 

355-27 
268.72 
i9 I -73 
265.45 
I97-36 



$i,572. 



$2,548 
2,548 
2,439 
2,189 
2,189 
1,756 
1,839 
1,911 
1,899 
J ,775 
i,55i 
i,732 



$500.00 



,022 49 



$24,385.05 $1,522.49 



$856.30 
1,213.98 



$3,570.28 



$3,749-64 
3,246.20 
3,867.78 
4,276.70 
6,651.85 
1,962.74 
3,9 l8 .4i 
5,212.63 
3,678.81 
2,663.96 
2,755- " 
7,721.62 



$49,7o5-57 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



135 



FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1875. 



January 

February.... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July -• 

August 

September. 

October 

November.. 
December.. 



Total. 



[,101.69 



$1,101.69 



% ° 

O M 

U M 
H 

P o 

M W» 



$170.50 

357-30 

88.69 

4I3-35 

78.28 

43-50 

273-50 

I96.I6 

258.06 

392.66 

292.50 

86l.02 



?2II.9S 

25I-38 

64.OO 

78.85 



C£ 



;2H< 



$161, 
406, 
362. 
1,091, 
1,098 
396 
920 
463 
796 
725 
934 







c 












a G 






< A 


< j 


P* g 


_ 

Ho" 

^£0 


-<! 


in ,j 

O Q 


«5 


< H 




.Kill 


£ £ 


OO^ 


w < 


2 2 "> 

C X a 


eg 


%■£$ 


H 




< 
H 


$927.00 


$406.12 


1,418.48 


405-97 


1,482.41 


53-oo 


1,801.25 


644.12 


I,I3I-2S 


582.86 


i,575-io 


388.74 


1,813.05 


161. 81 


2,227.20 


382.58 


2,406.95 


184.31 


2,389.70 


448.12 


i,458.45 


373-50 


i,405-37 


497-25 


$20,036.21 


$4,528.38 



51,491. 

1,391. 
2,566, 

4,129, 
3,695 
4,417 

4,555 
4,800, 
5,on 
4,i93 
8,023 

6 ,957 



$51,234.58 



$58.60 
10.00 



$2,550x9 



$3o97-7o 
75.00 
67.80 
35-45 
81.50 

162.64 
57 42 

177-85 



$2,550.09 



#4,055 36 



£3,3°»-7i 
4,23i-55 
4,617-3! 
8,i59.<-6 

12,592.29 
8,007.92 
7,79i-39 
8,105.53 
8,738.36 
8,312.07 

11,139.85 

11,021.73 



$96,085.77 



FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1876. 





Annual Meeting of Com- 
missioners. 

1 


a 
w 
H 
H 

O 
O 

a 
> 


u 
a 


« 

z 



<n 
S 



u 

c 

w 
en 
Z 

w 

a. 
-A 
W 


U M 

£ 

D < 

38 . 

£ - H 

»•« .. 

S^ 

Z g 5 

W H X 
ft. H c 
X < < 

W J w 




Printing, Photographing, 
Lithographing, Electro- 
types, Etc. 


<n 

a 
w 
ft. 
< 

a 

- 
tag 

ft, 

p^ 

in 


s 

<: 
< 

C/J 


in 

w 
w 
z 

H 

ft. 
X 
W 

z 
13 
w 
> 


6 
z 
3 
< 
W 


z 

< 

H 
X 


$65.85 


fci 
W 

H 
§ 
S 
O 
CJ 

H 

< 


Total per Month. 


$106.00 
297.20 
906.55 

i45-5o 




$1,396.60 

1,224.23 

1,446.10 

2,793.88 

556.75 

679.00 

512.95 

646.00 
952.00 

905.59 

912.28 
1,424.00 


$1,433-25 

1,200.10 

50.00 


$515-27 

505-96 

238.43 

31.07 

22.50 


$7,668.53 
10,258.59 
7,744-22 
7,839.62 
6,975.11 
8,918.27 
7,274.27 
7,315 61 
6,471 60 
8,067.43 
6,433-6i 
5,3'7-28 


$213.84 
166.35 

24. CO 


$17.00 






















10,409.30 
14,360.68 
13,571.08 

15,134-52 
10,418.22 

8,695.10 
13,160.70 
14,658.27 
11,146.49 

7,859-72 


April 


$3,307-" 






243-5° 

S63.87 

15.80 


$5,^75-35 
5,403-20 
2,621.00 
702.25 
5,737-io 
5,685.25 
3,800.60 
1,081.50 


32.00 
10.00 


June 






63.75 




Tulv 












3 T - 2 4 








September 




























November 
December 




















36-94 














Total.. 


$3,3°7-" 


$1,455-25 


$30,206.25 


$13,449.38 


$2,725-35 


$1,381.41 


$90,284.14 


$467.94 


$65.85 


$1,140.17 


$144,482.85 



REPORT 



OF THE 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



137 



REPORT 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



To the Honorable the United States Centennial Commission : 
Since the adjournment of the Commission the Executive Com- 
mittee has held four meetings, the proceedings of which will be 
found in the minutes, presented for your inspection. 

The final reports of the heads of Executive Departments, of your Executive 

t^ • /-> • i r • -r-> • rn i t\' Departments. 

Executive Committee, and of its Executive officer, the Director- 
General, herewith transmitted, will fully advise you of the manner in 
which your Committee has employed the plenary powers, and dis- 
charged the duties delegated by the Commission, at its meeting in 
December, 1872, by the following resolution: 

" The Committee shall have power to make such regulations for the transaction of their 
business as they may, from time to time, deem proper. They may elect such officers and 
agents as they shall deem necessary, shall define their duties and fix their compensation. 
During the sessions of the Commission, the Committee shall have all the powers usually 
exercised by the Executive Committees of corporate bodies ; and, in the recess of the Com- 
mission, shall have all the powers and authority of this Commission. 



Duties of the 
Committee. 



This was a charter which gave to the Committee control of, and 
made it responsible for, the preparatory work of the Exhibition, 
including supervision of the organization and operations of the 
Board of Finance. It involved frequent meetings of the Committee 
in Philadelphia, and the almost constant attendance or attention of 
its Chairman. In a note following this report will be found the names 
and terms of service of the members of the Executive Committee, 
all of whom lived at a distance from Philadelphia, and were obliged 
to leave their homes and neglect their own affairs, to attend to 
arduous public duties, without expecting or receiving popular recog- 
nition or reward. 

It is proper here to allude to the death of the Hon. John L. Shoe- l° hn \ 

1 * J Shoemaker 

maker, Solicitor of the Commission, whose personal and professional 
relations to the Committee and its Chairman were intimate and friendly. 

i39 



I40 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Mr. Shoemaker rendered important services to the Centennial cele- 
bration in its origin, and in every stage of the enterprise. In his 
position as Chairman of the Joint Centennial Committee of the Coun- 
cils of Philadelphia, he was instrumental in influencing the action of 
the city and of the State of Pennsylvania, and in securing the muni- 
cipal appropriations, without which the work, in its earlier stages, 
could not have been carried on. He was entirely unselfish ; devoted, 
with singleness of purpose, to his duties ; an able, pure, and patriotic 
officer, and a most estimable citizen. To the general expression of 
sorrow for his early death, which was caused by overwork and ex- 
posure in the service of the Commission, the Committee adds this 
personal and official testimonial of respect and regret. 
work of the Though there were changes in the personnel of the Committee to 

Committeeand x 

commission, the extent that but two members had continuous official life reaching 
over the whole period of service, the directing power remained from 
year to year substantially the same, the changes occurring mainly 
from death or voluntary retirement of members. The official re- 
ports now laid before you contain complete and accurate accounts 
of the Executive organization, methods of administration, operations, 
and results. They are too large to discuss in detail, nor would it be 
profitable to do so ; they afford in themselves the best evidence of 
the ability and zeal of the Director-General, and of the Executive 
officers under him. To those whose fortune it may be to organize 
and direct the International Exhibitions of the future the records of 
the Centennial Exhibition may be useful as a guide, or interesting for 
purposes of comparison, and valuable lessons may be drawn from its 
history. 
Governmental An International Exhibition should receive something more than 
participation. nat j ona j indorsement. It needs national support. The Centennial 
/ Exhibition had the interest of novelty, and its memorial character 
enlisted the sentiment of patriotism in its aid ; yet it must have failed 
in spite of the extraordinary contributions of the people, without the 
appropriations made by the municipality of Philadelphia and the 
Legislature of Pennsylvania. The support of the National Govern- 
ment, deferred until, through supreme efforts, the difficulties had 
been chiefly overcome, was given in a dubious way, and proved in 
the end of doubtful benefit. The Supreme Court decided that the 
appropriation made by Congress was only a loan, and the money was 
accordingly refunded by the Board of Finance. The loss incurred 
in an enterprise which the National Government authorized and con- 
trolled was not paid by the nation, but by the subscribers to the stock 
of the Board of Finance. The Government having sanctioned the 



REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. I4I 

project of an Exhibition, invited the concurrence of other nations, 
and authorized the preparation, it is much to be regretted that it 
declined to share in the expenses of a work that has redounded so 
much to the honor and benefit of the United States. 

The defective legislation of Congress in constituting the Cen- 
tennial Commission, and the devices necessarily resorted to by the 
Commission for obviating these defects, form an instructive chapter 
in its history. 

One Commissioner and one Alternate from each State and Territory Organization 
of the Union, composing a body of ninety-four members, was mani- Com , e nission . 
festly too numerous and unwieldy for the prompt decision and rapid 
execution required in carrying out the vast details of an Exhibition. 
Permanent sessions of so numerous a body imply a great and, in 
part, unnecessary sacrifice of time by each individual, incompatible 
with their private business ; and involve an expenditure of money 
unwarranted by any reasonable expectation of appropriations or 
income. The wide dispersion of such a number of persons renders 
consultation by writing impracticable, and the frequent reunions and 
discussions necessary in the daily progress of business are impossible. 
Under these circumstances, the most efficient method of preventing 
the total failure of the enterprise, and of imparting activity and vigor 
to the work, was, in the opinion of the Commission, the institution 
of a permanent Executive Committee, to exercise during the recess 
all but the legislative powers of the Commission. Men who have 
accepted important trusts are naturally and very properly averse to 
transferring their duties and functions to others, in a manner not con- 
templated in the terms of their appointment; but the emergency that 
pressed upon the members of the Commission, and their patriotic sense 
of their own obligations to accomplish their undertaking, did not permit 
them a choice. Nor was their proper reluctance to part with authority 
greatly diminished by the fact that, although in terms they reserved 
to themselves the right of revision, and affirmation or rejection of 
the work of the Committee, such reservation was almost nominal, for Work of the 
the work to be done was of a nature that rendered nearly every sue- C ommittee. 
cessive act in itself a finality, which could not be revoked. 

Under these peculiar circumstances, the outcome of defective legis- 
lation, the Committee may venture the remark that it was never 
forgetful of the anomalous and delicate position in which it was 
placed, and to express, with the confidence of conscious rectitude of 
intention, the hope that the duties thus devolved upon it were dis- 
charged in a manner, and attended with results that leave in the mind 
of the Centennial Commission no cause to regret the course it adopted. 



142 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Finances. 



Board of 
Finance. 



Benefits of the 
Exhibition. 



Large as was the financial loss to the stockholders in the Exhibition, 
the results were better than were generally anticipated, and such as 
only admirable business management could have secured. It is to 
the credit of the Board of Finance, that while its managers labored 
untiringly for the best pecuniary results, they have cared as highly 
for moral as for the material interests of the Exhibition. They 
have been liberal in such ways as make it of largest worth to the 
country and to the world, and have grudged no proper expense to 
record its operations and preserve its history. The Board at all times 
cheerfully co-operated with the Commission in achieving the true 
objects of the Exhibition, which were understood to be the advance- 
ment of science and the arts, and the wide dissemination of useful 
knowledge. A lower conception of its purposes would have resulted 
in neglect of the purely public and national interests, the care of which 
was declined by the National Government — and a better balance-sheet. 
It may be safely asserted that doubts of the utility, in its best sense, 
of International Exhibitions of industry have been dispelled by the 
Centennial Exhibition. Our country has conferred and received 
large benefits. Its arts have been improved, its industries quickened, 
and its commerce greatly extended. Our people have, made such 
acquaintance with the world as travel might not bestow, our country 
has fairly and favorably presented itself to the family of nations, 
and will derive lasting advantages not only from the information 
gained by our citizens, but from what many thousand intelligent 
foreign visitors of the Centennial Exhibition have seen and reported 
of America and Americans. 

D. J. MORRELL, Chairman. 

A. T. GOSHORN. 

GEORGE H. CORLISS. 

A. R. BOTELER. 

JOHN LYNCH. 

GEORGE B. LORING. 

C. P. KIMBALL. 

r. c. Mccormick. 

S. F. PHILLIPS. 
DAVID ATWOOD. 
J. T. BERNARD. 
J. H. B. LATROBE. 
JOS. R. HAWLEY, Ex Officio. 
MYER ASCH, 

Secretary. 



REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



1 43 



NOTE. 

TERMS OF SERVICE OF MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

Remarks. 

Served as Chairman until 
close of Exhibition. 

Retired May ic, 1873. 

Retired May 21, 1875; re " 
elected May 18, 1876. 

Died October 1, 1872. 

Retired May 21, 1875. 
Resigned April 14, 1875. 
Retired May 21, 1875. 

Retired May 22, 1874; re- 
elected May 21, 1875. 
Retired May 22, 1874. 

Retired May 22, 1874. 

Resigned October 26, 1874. 

Retired May 21, 1875. 
Retired May 21, 1875. 
Attended first meeting of 

Committee April 14, 1875 ; 

represented New York 

after April 27, 1876. 
Attended first meeting of 

Committee April 14, 1 87 5. 
Retired May 21, 1876. 
Retired May 21, 1876. 

Retired May 18, 1876. 



Ex-officio as President of 
Commission. 



Names. 


State or 


Commencement of 




Territory. 


Terms of Service. 


D. J. Morrell . 


Pennsylvania . 


March 7, 1872 


J. V. L. Pruyn 


. . New York . . 


March 7, 1872 


G. H. Corliss . 


. . Rhode Island 


March 7, 1872 


W. Prescott Smith . Maryland . . . 


March 7, 1872 


John Lynch 


. . Louisiana . . . 


March 7, 1872. 


John G. Stevens 


. . New Jersey . . 


March 7, 1 872 


Walter W. Wood 


Virginia . .. . 


March 7, 1872 


James T. Earle 


. . Maryland . . . 


Dec. 7, 1872. 


A. T. Goshorn 


. . Ohio .... 


May 10, 1873. 


Geo. B. Loring 


. . Massachusetts 


May 10, 1873 


Chas. H. Marshal 


1 . New York . . 


May 10, 1873 


R. C. McCormick 


. Arizona 


May 10, 1873. 


W. H. Parsons 


. Texas .... 


May 10, 1873 


A. R. Boteler . 


. West Virginia 


May 10, 1873. 


Lewis Wain Smit' 


1 . Georgia 


May 10, 1873 


N. M. Beckwith 


. New York . . 


May 22, 1874. 


E. A. Straw . 


. New Hampshire 


May 22, 1874 


James Birney . 


. Michigan . . . 


May 22, 1874 


C. P. Kimball . . 


. Maine .... 


App'd in Febru 
ary, 1875. 


S. F. Phillips . 


. North Carolina , 


App'd April 14 
1874. 


Wm. P. Blake . . 


Connecticut . 


May 21, 1875 


Jas. E. Dexter . 


. Dist. of Columbia 


May 21, 1875 


J. T. Bernard . 


. Floi-ida . . . 


May 21, 1875. 


F. L. Matthews 


. Illinois . . . 


May 21, 1875 


J. H. B. Latrobe 


. Maryland . . . 


May 21, 1875. 


David Atwood 


. Wisconsin . . 
r . . Connecticut . 


May 21, 1875. 


Joseph R. Hawie) 


March 7, 1872 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE DURING THE TIME OF THE EXHIBITION. 

C. P. Kimball, New York. 
S. F. Phillips, North Carolina. 
George B. Loring, Massachusetts. 
George H. Corliss, Rhode Island. 



Daniel J. Morrell, Pennsylvania. 
Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio. 
N. M. Beckwith, New York. 
Alexander R. Boteler, West Virginia 
R. C. McCormick, Arizona. 
John Lynch, Louisiana. 



John H. B. Latrobe, Maryland. 
David Atwood, Wisconsin. 



J. T. Bernard, Florida. 



JOURNAL 



OF THE 



jjroceeilmp of the |[mfed states |Lenfenmal | ; ommi^ion 



NINTH AND FINAL SESSION 



19 



145 



JOURNAL 



OF THE 



roctedimjs of the |[nifed rates | ; entennrat Commission 



NINTH AND FINAL SESSION. 

Parlor C, Continental Hotel, 

Philadelphia, January 15, 1879. 

The Commission met this day at 12 o'clock noon, pursuant to 
a call issued by its President. 

The following States and Territories were represented : 

Alabama. — Richard M. Nelson. 

J. L. Cooper. 
Arizona. — Richard C. McCormick. 

John Wasson. 
California. — John Dunbar Creigh. 
Connecticut. — Joseph R. Hawley. 

William Phipps Blake. 
Dakota. — John A. Burbank. 

Solomon L. Spink. 
District of Columbia. — L. A. Gobright. 
Florida. — T. H. Osborn. 

J. T. Bernard. 
Georgia. — George Hillyer. 
Idaho. — Thomas Donaldson. 
Indiana. — John L. Campbell. 
Iowa. — Robert Lowry. 
Kentucky.— Smith M. Hobbs. 
Louisiana. — John Lynch. 
Maryland.— John H. B. Latrobe. 

147 



I48 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

Massachusetts. — George B. Loring. 
Mississippi. — 0. C. French. 
Montana. — Joseph P. Woolman. 
Nebraska. — Henry S. Moody. 
New Hampshire. — M. V. B. Edgerly. 
New Jersey. — Orestes Cleveland. 
New York.— N. M. Beckwith. 

C. P. Kimball. 
North Carolina. — Jonathan W. Albertson. 
Ohio. — Alfred T. Goshorn. 
Oregon. — Andrew J. Dufur. 
Pennsylvania. — Daniel J. Morrell. 

Asa Packer. 
Rhode Island. — George H. Corliss. 
Tennessee. — William F. Prosser. 
Texas. — Wm. Henry Parsons. 

John C. Chew. 
Utah. — Wm. Hay don. 
Vermont. — Henry Chase. 
Virginia.— M. P. Handy. 

Washington Territory. — Alexander S. Abernethy. 
West Virginia. — Alexander R. Boteler. 
Wyoming. — J. M. Carey. 

General Hawley, in calling the Commission to order, expressed 
his satisfaction at meeting so many of his colleagues, and congratu- 
lated them upon the honorable and successful completion of the 
work that had been intrusted to their hands. This work had been 
done in spite of many discouraging circumstances, and much posi- 
tive and actual opposition, and the Exhibition had been a grand and 
magnificent success. It was not in all points what the Commission 
desired it might be, but he asked his fellow-members to imagine what 
it might have been if Congress had done its duty in connection 
with it. Two-thirds of the troubles of the Commission would not 
have existed if the representatives of the nation had given the Com- 
mission what should have been theirs, and as a result of this remiss- 
ness of duty, the industries of the nation were not shown as they 
might have been. No International Exhibition had ever been held 
at which such attention was paid to the innumerable small details 
requisite for the public comfort and convenience, and in this respect 
the Philadelphia Exhibition far surpassed that held in Paris last year. 
When the Centennial Exhibition was projected, many Congressmen 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.j^g 

declared that we had nothing to show to the other nations. They 
were probably thinking of Raphaels and Praxiteles. Perhaps we had 
not such as these, but we had a nation to show. And it did itself 
no discredit in the showing. It has been justly said of the Phila- 
delphia Exhibition that it expressed itself to the mind, while other 
International Exhibitions expressed themselves to the eye. The 
Centennial had no small influence in improving the standing and 
relations of the United States with other Governments, and, to use 
a commercial expression, we have been exceedingly well advertised. 
We have gained in self-respect and self-appreciation, and we have 
also gained in trade and commerce. The Exhibition has shown to 
foreign dealers what can be sent here to advantage, and what can be 
got from here, and thus the business interests of the country have 
received a great help. He knew of one manufacturing firm in New 
England which had expended over thirty thousand dollars in con- 
nection with the Exhibition, and who now declare that it is the best 
investment they ever made. The objects of the Commission were 
always national and patriotic, and they had been able to • live down 
adverse criticism. General Hawley gave full credit to Philadelphia 
and Pennsylvania for what they had done in behalf of the Exhibition, 
and unqualifiedly declared that, without their aid given at the time 
and in the manner and measure that it was, the great celebration 
could not have been held. Renewing his congratulations to his 
fellow-Commissioners, he expressed his profound thanks to Heaven 
that the Commission had been able to do so well. 

Mr. Morrell submitted the report of the Executive Committee.* 

The report was read and, on motion, accepted. 

Mr. French, of Mississippi, moved that a committee of three (3) 
be appointed to draft a resolution of thanks to the officers of the 
Commission. 

Agreed to. 

The Chair appointed as the committee, Mr. French, of Mississippi ; 
Mr. McCormick, of Arizona ; Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey. 

The communication of John Hare Powel & Co., referred by the 
Executive Committee to the Commission, asking that the diploma 
and medal originally awarded be reaffirmed, was submitted and read. 

Mr: Goshorn moved that the action of the Commission in reference 
to an award to Robert Hare Powel & Co. be reconsidered, and the 
award made them as originally reported. 

Agreed to. 

* See page 139. 



!^o INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

A communication from Samuel Raynor & Co., asking that a diploma 
be awarded to Samuel Raynor, was submitted. 

Mr. McCormick moved that two awards be given Samuel Raynor 
& Co. and Samuel Raynor for their exhibits, according to the reports 
of the Judges, in lieu of the diploma made out in the name of Samuel 
Raynor & Co. 

Agreed to. 

Mr. Packer, of Pennsylvania, submitted the following report : 

REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COM- 
MISSION COMMITTEE ON FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS. 

To the Centennial Commission. 

Gentlemen, — At the session of your body which was held on the 
19th day of May, 1 876, the Commissioner from Massachusetts, Dr. 
Loring, offered the following resolution, which was unanimously 
adopted : 

Resolved, That the Standing Committee of Finance and Accounts 
be instructed to act as an auditing committee, to audit the accounts 
of the Board of Finance, as required by the Act of Congress approved 
June 1, 1872. 

In compliance with this resolution, your Standing Committee on 
Finance and Accounts have examined the books and vouchers of the 
Board of Finance, and find them to be correct. 

The tabular statements hereto annexed show the entire receipts 
and the sources from which they came, the entire disbursements, and 
severally the objects for which the money was paid. 

These figures are sufficiently comprehensive in scope and minute 
in detail to make plain the financial results of the Exhibition. 

At the conclusion of the examination of the books and accounts 
of the Board, your Committee indorsed on the statement of the 
Board of Finance of January 1, 1879, the following certificate, which 
is hereby submitted for approval, viz.: 

" Centennial Board of Finance Rooms. 
" Philadelphia, January 8, 1879. 

"The undersigned, constituting a majority of the Committee on 
Finance of the United States Centennial Commission, appointed by 
the Commission to perform the duties imposed on said body by Sec- 
tion 10 of the Act of Congress approved June 1, 1872, in regular 
session in the City of Philadelphia, pursuant to a call duly issued by 
the Chairman of said Committee to its members to meet for the pur- 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.^ 

pose of auditing the accounts of the Centennial Board of Finance, 
do certify that they have examined the books, papers, and vouchers 
of said Board, and find them correct, and the financial results of the 
Exhibition correctly summarized in the pages of this book, from folio 
4 to folio 25 inclusive. 

(Signed) " Asa Packer. 

" Chairman Committee Finance, U. S. C C 
"John Lynch. 
" Royal C. Taft. 
" Thomas Donaldson. 
"R. M. Nelson. 
"T. W. Osborn." 

Your Committee take pleasure in expressing their admiration of 
the system adopted and faithfully executed by the Board of Finance 
in their management of the financial affairs of the Centennial Exhi- 
bition. 

Appreciating the personal and official courtesies extended to them 
in furtherance of their duties, your Committee call attention to the 
fidelity, integrity, and official worth of Frederick Fraley, the Secretary 
and Treasurer of the Board of Finance, who, as custodian of the funds, 
won the esteem and confidence of all with whom he came in contact. 

General H. S. Lansing, the Auditor and Chief Accountant of the 
Board of Finance, has laid your Committee under obligation for 
official courtesies in the performance of their duty. His devotion, 
untiring industry, and complete system in keeping the complex ac- 
counts involved are worthy of the highest commendation. 

The tabular statements annexed explain themselves. Your Com- 
mittee hope the information they contain will be found satisfactory 
and interesting to the Commission and the public. 

All of which is respectfully submitted. 

ASA PACKER. 
Chairman of Committee on Finance and Accounts. 
JOHN LYNCH. 
T. W. OSBORN. 
R. M. NELSON. 
THOMAS DONALDSON. 
ROYAL C. TAFT. 

Philadelphia, January 15, 1879. 



152 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Full Statement of the Centennial 



1. Building account (sundry buildings) 
Memorial Hall (City and State) . 
Machinery Hall (Philadelphia) 
Horticultural Hall (Philadelphia) . 

2. U. S. Government loan (refunded) 

3. Grounds, grading, and drainage 

4. Bridges, fences, etc. 

5. U. S. Centennial Commission expenses 

6. U. S. Centennial Commission awards 

7. General expense account 

8. International Exhibition Company (31,777 

of Centennial stock held as collateral) 

9. Suspense account (in course of collection) 

10. Stocks, received in settlement of bad accounts, 

11. Advanced on final dividend . 

12. Distribution of assets on capital stock . 

13. Interest on payments to January 1, 1876 . 

14. Cash on hand 



sh: 



value 



$2,675,960.32 

1,564,398.56 

634,863.48 

367 ; o7347 



640,980.30 
281,802.39 



359,013.50 
303.374-37 



404,661.25 
113,024.18 



,242,295.83 
,500,000.00 



922,782.69 



662,387.87 


.995.843-78 


130,115.90 


15.932.54 


1,265.47 


9,671.08 



517,685.43 
163,630.96 



$11,161,611.55 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION i^ 



Board of Finance, January i, 1879. 



15. Capital stock ...... 

16. Income account ...... 

17. State of Pennsylvania (appropriation) 

18. City of Philadelphia (appropriation) 

19. U. S. Government (appropriation) 

20. Amount due stockholders on distribution of assets $517,685.43 
Amount paid them to date ..... 489,749.66 

Balance due on first distribution . 



$2,312,350.00 
4,821,325.78 
i,coo,ooo.oo 
1,500,000x0 
1 ,500,000.00 



27,935-77 



$11,161,611.55 



Correct. 



H. S. LANSING, 

Auditor and Chief Accountant, 



154 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



Sundry Buildings, viz. 



BUILDING ACCOUNT. 



Main Building . 

Memorial Hall . 

Machinery Hall . 

Horticultural Hall 

Agricultural Hall 

Annex to Art Gallery . 

Carriage Annex . 

Shoe and Leather Building 

Judges' Hall 

Photographic Hall 

Mineral Annex . 

Women's Building 

Horticultural Tent 

Medical Building 

Dairymen's Building . 

Boiler House No. 1 

Boiler House No. 2 

Boiler House No. 3 

Boiler House No. 4 

Saw Mill and Boiler House 

Boiler House No. 6 

City of Philadelphia Buildin< 

Engine House 

Music Stand 

Music Pavilion 

Temporary Park Office 

Pomological Building . 

Wagon Annex 

Eating Barracks . 

Police Station Houses 

United States Centennial Commission Offic 

Centennial Board of Finance Office 

Public Comfort Building 

Telegraph Office .... 

Total .... 

Total cost of buildings as above . 
Appropriation by City of Philadelphia 
Appropriation by State of Pennsylvania 



$1,500,000.00 
1,000,000.00 



Amount paid by Centennial Board of Finance 



Si, 763, 600.17 

1,564,398.56 

634,863.48 

367,073.47 

299,426.62 

109,045.67 

60,171.85 

38,663.92 

30,293.48 

30,533-83 
22,007.83 
34,603.99 
4,380.00 
2,130.25 
10,000.00 

■ I5,57i-i5 
22,621.46 
42,861.76 
24,696.89 
12,926.25 

3,34i-7i 

6,691.10 

10,725.00 

1,143.80 

3,484.00 

5,924.02 

19,278.66 

10,152.50 

10,412.72 

29,990.04 

19,936-50 

21,460.50 

5,200.00 

4,684.65 

5,242,295.83 

5,242,295.83 



$2,500,000.00 
$2,742,295.83 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. Y tc 



GROUNDS, GRADING, AND DRAINAGE. 

Laborers' pay-roll ........... #295,391.08 

Roads and walks ........... 166,993.65 

Grading ■ 59,861.51 

Sundry expenses ........... 59,612.70 

Sewers and pipes ........... 17,722.58 

Lamps and gas ............ 15,646 61 

Urinals 11,004.58 

Salaries of engineers and superintendents . . . . " . . . 6,712.48 

Cleaning vaults ............ 5,108.75 

Ornamental 2,823.05 

Advertising ............ ic>3-3i 

Total $640,980.30 



BRIDGES, FENCES, AND OTHER STRUCTURES. 



Water-supply 
Lansdowne Valley bridge 
Belmont Valley bridge 
Entrance gates . 
Grand platform . 
Boundary fence . 
Car sheds . 
Live-stock yards 
Gas-supply . 
Railroad 



Total 



#73,207.61 
61,138.10 
i7 5 925-54 
34,543-31 
7,845-03 
10,236.58 
1,042.06 
32,35i-34 
3 2 ,33 6 - 16 
11,176.66 

#281,802.39 



UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION EXPENSES. 

United States Centennial Commissioners' personal expenses . . . #130,274.48 

Pay-rolls 94,814.26 

General expense ........... 66,999.28 

Advertising and printing .......... 43,080.33 

Plans and drawings ........... 23,845.15 



Total #359, OI 3-5° 

(The above includes #6000 for expenses of meeting of January, 1879.) 



BUREAU OF AWARDS. 



General expense of Bureau 
Paid Judges for services 



#104,834.37 
198,540.00 



Total 



#303,374-37 



156 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



JUDGES OF AWARD. 

117 Foreign Judges, of whom 116 received $1000 each ; one, Mr. H. G Joly, of Canada, 
would only receive #600, as he was not a foreigner and nearer than many of the United 
States Judges, who received but $600, and he would accept of no more. 

1 1 7 Foreign Judges, total paid ...... 

116 United States Judges at $6oo each, and 1 expert at $200, total 
61 Live-Stock, etc., Judges at $100 each 
5 Pomological Judges at $250 each . 



2 Experts at $500 each . , 

5 Judges at $150 each 

9 Appeal Judges at $360 each 



116,600 

69,600 

6,100 

1,250 

1,000 

75° 
3> 2 40 



Total $198,540 



GENERAL EXPENSE ACCOUNT. 

Police Department . 

Fire Department 

Admission Department 

Terminal Agency Department . 

Transportation Department 

Engineers' and Architects' Department 

Custom-House Department 

Medical Department 

Telegraph Department 

Supply Department . 

Cleaning Department 

Installation (Main Building) 

Machinery Department 

Agricultural Department . 

Horticultural Department 

Fine Art Department 

Press Department . 

Advertising and printing in general 

Bureau of Revenue, expenses . 

Bureau of Revenue, stock commissi* 

Office furniture 

Insurance .... 

Paymaster (short) 

Closing expenses to January I, 1879 

Restoring grounds . 

Centennial Board of Finance (salaries and expenses) 

Opening and closing ceremonials ..... $17,202.98 

Fire-works, balloons, etc. ........ 22,920.00 

Tournament ......... 1,466.04 

Music 44,063.75 

Banquet November 9, 1876 2,298.99 



$477,724.61 

126,301.66 

146,035.00 

161,694.14 

12,976.41 

83,490.52 

7,102.43 

9,700.39 

4,243.61 

26,323.86 

9,988.31 

"1,857-13 

278,923.65 

84,719.95 

40,236.21 

29 5 357-30 

5,142.55 

33,H987 

28,997.13. 

29,954.11 

2,727.29 

160.95 

4,534-88 

18,055.66 

26,619.61 

147,874.79 



87,951.76 



Total . ' $1,995,843.78 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.it j 



DETAILS OF INCOME ACCOUNT. 



Received from concessions ..... 
Received from royalties, viz. : 

Malt liquors ...... 

Mineral waters ..... 

General sales . 

Received donations from tea-parties, individuals, etc. 
Received forfeited stock for non-payment of calls 
Received from sales of 

Medals 

Furniture, etc. ..... 

Buildings ..... 

Received for storage of empty boxes . 
Received for water rents .... 
Received from sale of mineral ores 
Received from sale of memorial certificates 
Received for rent of rooms and stable ; 



. $236,030.06 



$27,629.61 

17,385-15 
159,366.34 



$17,987.47 

33,335-64 

290,142.05 



$204,381.10 
79,403.22 
35,849-5o 



#34i,465-i6 
$10,716.64 

6,5i9-34 
5,052.00 

35-00 
165.00 



INTEREST ACCOUNT. 

For cash balances in bank .......... $67,417.77 

Admission money at gates .......... 3,834,290.99 



Total 



34,821,325.78 



DETAIL OF AMOUNTS RECEIVED FOR CONCESSIONS. 



From restaurants 




From photographs 
From Guide Book 




From dairy 

From rolling-chairs 




From Globe Hotel (outside) 
From Terminal Agency Compan 
From Centennial National Bank 


7 


From soda water . . 


From tobacco and cigars 




From manufacturing of glass 
From cut flowers 




From confectionery 




From bakery 
From safe deposit 
From parlor matches . 




From printing 

From pop-corn and lemonade 

From Public Comfort . 




From Centennial Catalogue Com; 
From American District Telegrap 


jany 
h Co 



npany 



Total 



$72,400.00 

3,000.00 

5,000.00 

3,000.00 

10,000.00 

10,301.50 

7,000.00 

5,000.00 

20,000.00 

21,000.00 

3,000.00 

3,000.00 

5,000.00 

3,000.00 

3,500.00 

1,000.00 

4,488.57 

8,000.00 

8,500.00 

39,089 99 

750.00 

$236,030.06 



i 5 8 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



ROYALTIES ON SALES. 



Received from railroad (narrow-gauge) 
Elevator ..... 
Telegraphs 
Machine-shops . 
Photographs 
Manufacture of glass 
Manufacture of silk . 
Manufacture of wood carvings 
Manufacture of steel, iron, and bronze 
Perfumery . 
Jewelry, etc. 
Candies 
Printing . 
Cider 

Manufacture of worsted goods 
Cotton thread 
Butter and cheese 
Small tin pails . 
Plated ware 
Syrups, sugar, etc 
Embossing press 
Soap 

Rubber goods 
Turtle shell 
China-ware 
Letter-writer 
Paper boxes, tags, etc 
Sales of books 
Guano 
Paints 
Furs . 
Cement 

Flour, crackers, etc 
Moorish articles 
Turkish articles 
Tunisian articles 
Syrian articles . 
Jerusalem goods 
Algerian goods . 
Brazilian goods . 



519,749.44 
10,026.37 

10,716.34 

9>°45 5 6 

13,272.51 

20,201.47 

20,588.19 

9,105.01 

5,47703 

5,008.22 

2,857.40 

3,716.56 

3,130-38 

3,666.18 

1,420.43 

1,082.02 

2,251.94 

2,677.47 

1,244.88 

1,418.57 

1,061.43 

335-OQ 

282.29 

639.80 

304-39 

465.91 

210.42 

2,691.28 

22.55 

282.57 

104.43 

260.75 

558.16 

587.86 

1,183.09 

2,334-98 

354-74 

99-97 

329.87 

600.88 



Total 



#159,366.34 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONS^ 



DONATIONS. 

From R. Hoe & Co., New York . 
H. F. Spalding, New York 
Steinway & Sons, New York 
Little, Brown, & Co., Boston 
Harper & Brothers, New York . 
Faulkner, Page, & Co., Boston . 
Thomas Smith .... 
Russel & E. Manufacturing Company, New Yor 
Joseph Nye .... 
Brewer & Tileston ... 

T. J. M 

Baring Brothers & Co., per John W. Forney 

Gamewell & Co. 

Ladies of Quincy, Massachusetts 

W. L. S chaffer .... 

E. E. Simpson (tea-party) . 

J. S. Clark, from Europe, per John W. Forney 

A. J. Drexel .... 

Sundry individuals, tea-parties, etc 

Police force of Philadelphia 

Amount collected by ladies for "Women's Building 

Amount collected by Women's Centennial Executive Committee 



$1,000.00 

1 ,000.00 

1,000.00 

500.00 

1,000.00 

2,500.00 

200.00 

1 ,000.00 

500.00 

100.00 

300.00 

837.22 

750.00 

500.00 

250.00 

221.79 

1,098.68 

100.00 

3,402.62 

23,4i3-33 

31,068.71 

8,660.87 



Total $79,403.22 



STOCK. 

4276 subscribers to the capital stock made partial payment, and having failed to pay in 
full after full notice had been given them, the same was forfeited (in accordance with a 
resolution of the Board) February 1, 1877. 



The total amount of such payments was 
On 17,858 shares, amounting to 

Original number of subscribers 
Number forfeited . 



20,551 
4,276 



$35,849.50 



Number of stockholders . 



16,275 



Of these, 5012 have not received their portion of first division of assets, amounting to 

#27,935-77- 



i6o 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 



DETAIL OF SALE OF BUILDINGS. 



Main Building .... 

Judges' Hall .... 

Boiler House No. 1 . 

Corliss Boiler House No. 2 

Carriage Building 

Shoe and Leather Building 

Boiler House, Agricultural Hall 

Agricultural Hall 

Pomological Hall 

Mineral Annex . 

Photograph Hall 

Annex Art Gallery 

Medical Building 

U. S. Commission Office, Public Comfort 

Police Station Houses 

Boiler House and Machine Shop No. 

Boiler House No. 4 . 

Saw Mill and Boiler House No. 5 

Boiler House No. 6 . 

Music Pavilion . . . . 

Wagon Annex .... 

Horticultural Tent . . . 

Dairymen's Building . 

Office of Centennial Board of Finance 

Office U. S. Centennial Commission 

Police Barracks . 

Engine House . 

Eating Barracks . 

Municipal Building 

Spanish Building 

Pump House 



$250,000.00 

1,500.00 

1,100.50 

1,400.00 

4,100.00 

3,000.00 

250.00 

13,100.00 

1,250.00 

1 ,000.00 

1,000.00 

3,050.00 

300.00 

375-OQ 

2,200.00 

1,400.00 

1,275.00 

300.00 

100.00 

850.00 

600.00 

1,100.00 

675.00 

600.00 

1,725.00 

800.00 

540.00 

38575 
40.00 
25.00 

$294,245.75 



Deduct commission and expenses for sale of buildings by M. 

Thomas & Sons $3, 578.70 

Damages tearing down Municipal Building . . . 300.00 

Damages tearing down Arkansas Building . . . 225.00 



4,103.70 



Total net proceeds $290,142.05 



SUNDRIES. 



Total number of vouchers 
Total paid for advertising 



$I5> 2I 3 
78,i34-57 



The report was, on motion, accepted and adopted. 



JOURNAL OF FINAL' SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. ^1 

Letters of regret at not being able to attend the final meeting were 
received from Messrs. Atwood, Nye, Phillips, Clarkson, Spooner, 
McNeil, Hays, Crawford, Shaw, McCoy, Meeker, and Peters. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, informed the Commission of the death 
of his colleague, Mr. Kooser. 

Mr. McCormick announced that of J. Marshall Paul, of Colorado. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that, the Commission having 
heard with regret of the deaths of Messrs. Kooser and Paul, appro- 
priate resolutions be entered on the journal. 

Agreed to. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, referred to the death of the Hon. 
Morton McMichael, President of the Pennsylvania State Board, and 
the Hon. John L. Shoemaker, late Solicitor to the Commission. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that a committee of three (3) 
be appointed to draft resolutions expressive of regret and regard 
refe'rring to the deaths of Mr. McMichael and Mr. Shoemaker. 

Agreed to. 

The Chair announced as the committee Messrs. Morrell, Latrobe, 
and Boteler. 

Mr. Lynch, of Louisiana, offered the following resolutions : 

Resolved, That the final reports of the Executive Committee, the 
Director-General, Secretary, and President, together with the reports 
on Awards and of the Committee on Finance and Accounts, are 
hereby approved. 

Resolved, That the President of the Commission is hereby directed 
to present said reports to the President of the United States, in accord- 
ance with the Act of Congress, as the final reports of this body. 

Adopted. 

On motion, a recess was taken until 4 o'clock p.m. 

J. L. CAMPBELL, Secretary. 



4 o'clock P.M. 

The Commission re-assembled. 

Mr. Morrell, on taking the chair, informed General Hawley that 
the members present had decided to tender him a testimonial in con- 
sideration of his faithful services as presiding officer of the Commis- 
sion since its organization. 

' General Hawley replied that the action of the gentlemen was a 
surprise to him, for he had been sufficiently rewarded by the success 
of the Exhibition, and added that although the duties of the office 
were not always easy, he nevertheless felt proud that he had been 



1 62 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

connected with the enterprise, and thanked the members for their 
tribute. 

Mr. Latrobe, of Maryland, for the committee appointed to draft 
resolutions referring to the deaths of the Hon. Morton McMichael 
and Mr. John L. Shoemaker, offered the following : 

Resolved, That the United States Centennial Commission have 
heard with great regret of the death of the Honorable Morton 
McMichael since the last meeting of the Commission. 

That not only as a man, universally beloved and valued in the city 
whose highest office he had held, and in whose service, in other 
official stations, he had been eminently useful, do this Commission, 
in common with her fellow-citizens, lament his death ; but they feel 
especially called upon, on this occasion, to recognize the great in- 
terest which, as President of the Board of Commissioners of Fair- 
mount Park, he manifested in promoting the undertaking that has now 
been so happily achieved, and which in no small degree was de- 
pendent on the location of the Exhibition in the beautiful park in 
whose government he was at all times so prominent. Nor can the 
Commission close this brief notice without recalling those occasions 
of social intercourse in which Mr. McMichael's kindly, genial, and 
hospitable nature contributed so much to the enjoyment of all around 
him. 

Adopted. 

Expressions of regard and sympathy for the loss of Mr. McMichael 
were made by Messrs. Morrell, Goshorn, Cleveland, and McCormick. 

Mr. Latrobe offered the following resolution : 

Resolved, That the United States Centennial Commission have 
heard with regret of the death of Mr. John L. Shoemaker, Counselor 
and Solicitor of the Commission, since its last meeting. 

Of all those to whose unstinted service the Commission in its early 
existence was indebted for encouragement and success, no one was 
more conspicuous than Mr. Shoemaker, whose deserved influence 
in the City Councils of Philadelphia, and whose enlightened and 
enlarged views and devoted energy, were at all times at the service 
of the Commission, and are now gratefully remembered and grate- 
fully acknowledged. 

Resolved, That a copy of the above resolutions be sent to Mrs. 
Shoemaker. 

Adopted. 

The Secretary, Mr. Campbell, and Mr. Morrell expressed their 
sympathy for the loss of Mr. Shoemaker. 

Mr. Nelson, of Alabama, moved that the records of the United 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION^? 

States Centennial Commission be placed in the custody of the 
Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution for preservation when a proper 
fire-proof room is provided for them in the buildings under the control 
of said Institution. 

Agreed to. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, offered the following resolution : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Centennial Com- 
mission are eminently due, and are hereby tendered, to the citizens 
of Philadelphia for the kindness and courtesy always extended to 
the Commission from its organization, on the 4th of March, 1872, to 
its close. 

Adopted. 

Mr. Kimball, of New York, offered the following resolution : 

Resolved, That the President of the Commission, the Chairman of 
the Executive Committee, and the Director-General are hereby au- 
thorized and instructed to settle all business relating to the Centennial 
Exhibition that remains unfinished at the close of this meeting. 

Adopted. 

By Mr. JLatrobe : 

Resolved, The United States Centennial Commission have heard 
of the death since their last meeting of J. M. Paul and J. S. Adams, 
members, and D. P. Kooser, an Alternate, and regret that they are 
no longer living to enjoy, as they would have done, the final success 
of the undertaking which, during their lives, they had labored to 
promote. 

Adopted. 

Resolution offered by Mr. French, of Mississippi : 

Resolved, That the thanks of this Commission are hereby tendered 
to all of the officers of the Commission for efficient services — credit- 
able alike to themselves and country — in the great enterprise in 
which we have been engaged, and which has been brought to a 
termination so successful and gratifying. 

Adopted. 

By Mr. Gobright, of the District of Columbia: 

Resolved, That the thanks of this Commission are also due, and 
are hereby tendered, to the press of the country for its necessary 
agency in assisting to assure the success of the Exhibition. 

Adopted. 

By Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the Commission are especially due 
and heartily tendered to the Hon. George H. Corliss, of Rhode 
Island, for the benefits derived from his munificent generosity in 



j64 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 

furnishing the motive-power for Machinery Hall at an expense to 
himself, believed by the Commission to be in excess of any donation 
ever made by a private individual to a similar Exhibition. 

Adopted. 

By Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey : 

Resolved, That we fully appreciate the efficient labors of the Ex- 
ecutive Committee, and fully recognize that to their efforts the success 
of the Exhibition is largely due; and, without wishing to detract from 
the services of any who have served as members of said Committee, 
desire to express our thanks especially to Hon. J. D. Morrell, Chair- 
man, for his untiring efforts in the interest of the success of the 
Exhibition. 

Adopted. 

By Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Centennial Com- 
mission are hereby tendered to the officers and directors of the 
Centennial Board of Finance for ability and integrity shown in the 
management of the financial affairs of the Exhibition, — services ren- 
dered in many instances without compensation and at great personal 
inconvenience. 

Adopted. 

By Mr. Wasson, of Arizona: 

Resolved, That the hearty and grateful thanks of the United States 
Centennial Commission are due, and are hereby tendered, to the 
Women's Centennial Executive Committee, of which Mrs. E. D. 
Gillespie was Chairman, and to its various other committees of ladies 
throughout the country, for their patriotic and successful efforts in aid 
of the Centennial Celebration and International Exhibition of 1876. 

Adopted. 

The Hon. Richard C. McCormick, in response to the request of the 
Commission asking for information regarding the Paris Exposition, 
said that he had been called so unexpectedly to take charge of the 
American exhibits at the Paris Exposition, and the time was so short 
to make the necessary preparations, that he was afraid the whole 
matter would result in a failure; but, contrary to prediction, a great 
success had been attained, for the American exhibits drew more pre- 
miums in proportion to their exhibits than any other country. In 
speaking of the effect of the Centennial on the people of the world, 
he was able to say with pleasure that he, while abroad, had heard it 
spoken of almost every day in the very highest terms, and even the 
French authorities in welcoming the American Commissioners always 
made allusion to the success of the Exhibition. It takes its place, as it 



JOURNAL OF FINAL SESSION OF CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, ifc 

very properly should do, among the highest ranks of the great World's 
Fairs of previous years, as well as the one of last year, and through- 
out all Europe its greatness is willingly acknowledged. The Paris 
Exposition was purely a governmental investment, there being between 
sixty and seventy millions of francs used to make it a grand success, 
which it certainly was ; but with it all the receipts were no larger 
than our own. It is fair to say, however, that their price of admis- 
sion was only one franc, while we charged at the rate of two and a 
half francs. He indorsed what had been said by other gentlemen 
respecting the great good that had been accomplished, and said that, 
in his opinion, the good effects have hardly began to be felt, and it 
would take the next fifty years to fully develop them. We can 
praise ourselves for producing, as individuals, an Exhibition that the 
combined Governments of Europe could hardly excel. Before leaving 
Paris he paid a visit to M. Gambetta, who said that it would have been 
one of the greatest misfortunes that could have befallen the French 
people if the American people had failed to be represented at the Paris 
Exposition. All over Europe the people fully appreciate the medals 
and premiums given by the Centennial Exhibition, for they display 
them in the most conspicuous places, and always produce them with 
the very kindest and proudest feelings. 

Professor William P. Blake, of Connecticut, said that, having served 
on the International Jury at Paris, he was glad to confirm the state- 
ments of Commissioner McCormick, and to add that our certificates 
of award always commanded the attention and respect of the foreign 
Jurors. Whenever on visiting an exhibit the Centennial Diploma 
was shown, it led at once to the inquiry for the text of the award, 
for the reasons why the exhibit had been honored. These reasons were 
of great service in recalling the points of excellence of the objects, 
and in enabling the Jury to form a more rapid and more correct 
appreciation of any improvement or advance. More than one Juror 
had expressed the conviction that our system of awards had great 
advantages over the old system of graded medals, and that it only 
needed to be better understood and more carefully followed to give 
more general and complete satisfaction. 

Mr. Latrobe moved to adjourn. 

General Hawley called the attention of the Commission to the 
solemnity of the occasion of adjourning, perhaps for the last time, 
and concluded by saying, " I now put the motion for final adjourn- 
ment." 

The motion was carried. 

J. L. CAMPBELL, Secretary. 



